

I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.* 



|^ [SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT. ] 



It UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, f 



II 'Jill mi! 
OF PORTUGAL, 



ABRIDGEMENT - 

©i tii mziun 

OF PORTUGAL, 

BY 

iOB> | tn\ PEREIR.4; 

PHISICIAN AT THE MEDICAL COLLEGE IN LIS- 
BON, PROFESSOR OF GEOGRAPHY, CHRONO- 
LOGY AND HISTORY AT THE NATIONAL LY- 
CEUM IN THE SAME CITY, &C, &C. 

REVISED BY 

A. V*. Me ire lies 

PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 

: . 1 ! 1 *'k 

"* V 8 



USBOM^llii. 

PRTNTBD BY A. MARTINS, 

Traawa da Boa Hora n,° 2. 



y ^ 



INTRODUCTION, 



(10SO — 1143). 

HENRY, TEREZA, AFONSO 
RENRIQUES. 



The state of the Peninsula before the arrival 
of Henry. — Henry's coming to the Peninsu- 
la. — Origin of Portugal. — Henry's going to 
Palestine. — Quarrel between Henry andUr- 
raca his sister-in-law. — Quarrel between Te~ 
reza and Urraca her sister. — Afonso \ III en- 
ters Portugal. — Stroke of fidelity of Egas Mo* 
ziiz. ■ — Afonso Henriquts revolts against his mo- 
ther. — War between Portugal and Lecn.— 
Leiria's loss. — Battle of Ourique. — Reflections 
upon the battle of Ourique. — Battle of Ouri- 
que according to the portuguese chroniclers. — 
The war against the kingdom of Leon renew- 
ed : peace of Samora. 



Th 



he 'state of the Peninsula lefore ihe 
arrival of Henry. — About the middle 
of the eleventh century, a great part of 
the Spanish Peninsula already was unci-r 

L 



2 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG- 

the dominion of christian princes, who at 
the expense of much blood made them- 
selves masters of the lands that the moors 
possessed. Ferdinand, surnamed the Great, 
reigned in Castile, Leon and Galicia. Fer- 
dinand dying, left his states to his three 
sons, Sancho, Afonso and Garcia. Castile 
fell to Sancho's lot, Leon to Afonso's, Ga- 
licia to Garcia's, In Galicia was compri- 
sed a territory , called Portugal , which 
stretched from the river Minho to the Mon- 
dego. Great dissentions ensued amongst 
Ferdinandisons, and Afonso succeeded in 
taking possession of the patrimony of his 
brothers. Afonso was a scourge of the mus- 
sulmans, for he until his death did not 
abstain from shedding their blood. 

Henry's coming to the Peninsula.- — - 
In the reign of D. Afonso VI, two war- 
riors of the line of the french kings came (o 
Spain. Their names were Henry and Rai- 
raundo. The first was a son of Henry duke 
of Burgundy , and grandson of Robert , 
who was brother to Henry, and son of 
Robert, kings ofFrance. His mother, na- 
med Sibylla , was a sister to William 
count of Burgundy, who was the father of 



IJITKOJJUCTIOlf. 



3 



Haimundo I n order to reward the emi- 
nent services performed to his crown by 
these two heros, A Torso gave to Raimun- 
do bis daughter Urraca in marriage and 
the province of Galicia : from which he 
soon after separated the lands of Portu- 
gal to Henry, to whom he also confered 
the tit'e of count, to which title were in 
this time annexed great authority and ex- 
tensive jurisdiction ; and he moreover of- 
fered him the hand of Tereza, his illegi- 
timate daughter. 

Origin of Portugal. — With n great pro- 
bability of truth the government of Henry 
began either in 1094, or 1095. The Por- 
tuguese territory then stretched from the 
river Minho to the hanks of the Tagus. 
The rest, that now belongs to Portugal, 
was under the moors. The name, Portu- 
gal, is derived from Porlucale, a town on 
the south side of the river Douro, opposi- 
te to the city of Porto. 

Henry s going to Palestine. — Henry, ear- 
nestly desiring to shed mahometan blood, 
and perceiving less active the war in Spain, 
directed himself like a cruzader to Pa- 
lestine in 1103, and there remained 

1 * 



4 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORT C 6 

until 1105, in which year he came back to 
the Peninsula. 

Henry settled his court at Guimaraes ^ 
but he resided generally at Coimbra, and 
devoted himself to the government of his 
county, and reparation of the towns ruined 
by the obstinate war of the two enemy 
races. 

Quarrel between Henry and Urraca his 
sister-in-law. On the death of Raimundo 
(1107) and Afonso VI (1109), Urraca 
succeeded her father, upon condition, that 
Afonso Raimundes, son of Urraca, should 
be king of Galicia , if his mother contracted 
a second marriage. Urraca was a woman 
of masculine spirit, who did not hesitate to 
place herself at the head of an army, and to 
assist at the spectacle of battles. Urraca 
contracted a second marriage, and the 
count of Trava, Peter Froilaz, Raimundes 7 
guardian, resolved to support, by force of 
arms , the right of his pupil. Both hus- 
band and wife fell out. The potluguese 
count, that began to show wishes of be- 
coming independent, ambitiously attempted 
to take possession of so rich an inheritance, 
and confederated with Afonso. Matters for 



INTRODUCTION ' 



5 



a long time wore a very hostile aspect* 
Urraca and Afonso sometimes reconciled 
themselres, and sometimes fell out, when 
Henry at one time united into confede- 
racy with Afonso, at another with Ur- 
raca. This war lasted until 1112 without 
any advantage to Henry. 

History does not know what the sove- 
reign count did from this time until the 
year 1114, in which he died. The ashes 
of this personage, who can, in some mea- 
sure, be regarded as the founder of the 
Portuguese nationality, were transfered to 
the cathedral at Braga. 

Quarrel between Tereza and Urraca her 
sister. — Upon the death of Henry, Tereza 
began to assume sometimes the queen's 
title, till at length she took exclusively 
this title. Tereza had inherited the ambi- 
tion of her husband, and she determined 
to outstand in the work of independence 
commenced by him. She seemed, how- 
ever, to acknowledge Urraca's supremacy ; 
which she clearly showed in 1115 at the 
cortes of Oviedo. But this submission was 
very temporary. 

The next vear, Tereza entered into 



6 ABKIDGEMEUT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

confederacy with Peter Froilaz. She placed 
herself at the head of her troops, and laid 
siege to the castle of Suberoso, where 
Urraca resided ; but she was defeated. It 
w r as perhaps while Tereza was in Galicia, 
that she contracted an illicit harmony 
with Ferdinand Peres, the son of the 
count of Trava ; which was hereafter over 
troublesome to Portugal. Since that time 
Tereza kept the possession of some lands 
of Galicia, as Tuv and Orense. This made 
Urraca to invade Portugal (1121). Tere- 
za fell into the hands of her sister. But 
a peace was concluded between the two 
princesses, and (history does not know 
the reason) it was unfavourable to Ur- 
raca. 

Afonso VIII enters Portugal — On the 
accession of Afonso VIII, Urraca Jj son, 
to the throne of Leon , this monarch de- 
termined to oblige his aunt to homage 
him. In 1 127 he rushed into Portugal 
w r ith main strength, and besieged Guima- 
raes, where was Afonso Henriques, son 
of Tereza. In the beginning the Portu- 
guese opposed him with great spirit ; but 
deprived of recourses to hold hand with 



INTEODX CTION. 



7 



the army of Leon, they promised to sub- 
rait themselves to Afonso VIII. Egas Mo- 
niz was bail for Henriques. Afonso raised 
the siege, and after reducing Tereza to 
obedience, went back to his kingdom. 

Stroke of fidelity of Egas Moniz. — In 
the ensuing year, Henriques, being alrea- 
dy master of Portugal, was not willing 
to agree with the pact of Guimaraes. 
Then, Egas Moniz, slave of his word, 
directed himself to the court of Leon, 
attended by his wife and children, all 
barefooted, and clad like criminals sen- 
tenced to death ; and he said to the king, 
that he desired to vindicate his honour 
with his death. The generous monarch, 
affected with so extraordinary a stroke 
of loyalty, granted a release. 

Afonso Henriques revolts against his 
mother. — The favour of Tereza towards 
the count of Trava reached the utmost 
degree, and Afonso Henriques was wholly 
excluded from government . This caused 
a civil war between her and her son. 
The young prince, w ho was already above 
seventeen years of age , endowed with 
too much honour to suffer a foreigner to 



8 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTl G e 

be master of Portugal, revolted against 
his mother. Therefore, two parties were 
formed, and engaged on the plains of St. 
Mamede near Guimaraes. The troops of 
Tereza were routed and put to (light. She 
was made prisoner, and banished from 
Portugal together with Ferdinand Peres 
(1128). It is probable that they both 
went to Galicia, and that Tereza lived 
there until the year 1130, in which she 
died. Her remains lav in state in the ca- 
thjtedral at Braga. 

War between Portugal and Leon. — 
By the banishment of Tereza and the 
count of Trava, Afonso Henriques took 
possession of all the lands of Portugal. 
But the king of Leon looked upon Por- 
tugal as his own ; and the son of Tereza 
was regarded bv him merely as a eover- 
nor. The remarkable events of 1 128 ^ 
being actually a great step in the way of 
the independence of Portugal, made a 
deep impression on the mind of Afonso 
VIII. War w 7 as declared, and near Cer- 
neja in Galicia was fought a battle, in 
which Henriques gained a victory (1137). 
This w r ar terminated in this year ; and 



'INTRODUCTION 



3 



■.notwithstanding the victory the king of 
Portugal had just obtained, the treaty of 
peace, concluded in Tuy, was very unfa- 
vourable for him, because it showed his 
dependence on Afonso VIII. 

Leirias loss. — In the south Afonso 
was attacked by the mussulmans, who the 
same year took the important fortress of 
Leiria. Its valiant commander, Paio Gu- 
terres, defended himself to the last ; two 
hundred and forty soldiers died coura- 
geously. Guterres made his escape. 

Battle of Our i que. — This misfortune 
was deeply impressed upon the restless 
mind of Henriques, who was only waiting 
for a convenient opportunity of re- 
venging himself fully. This opportunity 
offered itself. Afonso VIII was besieging 
the important place of Cazorla, the civil 
war raged among the different moorish 
sects. These two circumstances excited 
his natural audacity. He resolved to enter, 
as far as it was possible, the moorish 
lands, and to avail himself of the discord 
of the infidels ; and boldly crossed the 
southern frontier (july 1139). Discourage 
ought to be great on the side of the ma- 



10 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTXJG^ 



hometans, that, deprived of recourses, 
could not oppose him, and saw at the 
same time the king of Leon within their 
territory. Different petty kings assembled 
their forces, and went to meet the enemy 
near Ourique. Battle was fought, the vic- 
tory declared itself in favour of Henri- 
ques, and a great number of slain covered 
the field of battle. Ismar , the more 
powerful king, flew. In this affair were 
many saracen women , who bravely died 
in behalf of their country. 

Reflections upon the battle of Ourique. 
— Here is that to which we may perhaps 
reduce the marvellous, in which this 
battle is generally described, when we 
have recourse to the genuine sources, 
that may lead to know it. As it is, how- 
ever, an event, which has, in the course 
of ages, acquired a great importance in 
the history of Portugal, and some critics 
of distinction have been willing to show 
the truth of this marvellous, it ought not 
to be passed over in silence, in our opi- 
nion. 

We shall say with Mr. Castilho : Much 
has been written for and against Christ's 



INTRODUCTION. 



apparition to Afonso. As for us, we lay- 
aside the question. We will relate this 
event in the following chapter ; but it is 
riot because we consider it as true. The 
document of the oath of the king is 
acknowledged as apocryphal : nevertheless 
with regard to the tradition, we look 
upon it as very ancient. Lastly* if the 
apparition was fabulous, this fable was 
mingled with the history, and the lasting 
belief gave to it a sort of truth. 

It imports, however, in our judgement, 
to make distinction between the tradition 
and the above mentioned document, which 
could be, and we believe so, forged in 
more recent times, thinking that the 
narration of the event ought not to be 
accused of not being contemporary or at 
all events nearly contemporary; to which 
arguments have not been brought out as 
yet , that may fully satisfy . It may be , that 
the document , being apocryphal, as the 
king's oath, is not false , as the tradi- 
tional historv of the event. 

Battle of Ourique according to the Por- 
tuguese chroniclers. — Afonso Henriques 
resolved to drive out of the Peninsula the 



12 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY Of PORTL'G. 

enemies of the cross. He collected an ar- 
my of eleven thousand men, placed him- 
self at their head, crossed over the Ta- 
gus, and began to overrun the enemies' 
territory. Ismar, amazed by so great a 
ravage in his states, assembled a prodi- 
gious army, in which there were four ma- 
hometan kings besides Ismar. Afonso ap- 
peared by no means dejected, continued 
his march, and penetrated as farasOuri- 
que, where he pitched his camp. There 
was here an hermitage, in which lived 
an old hermit. 

So monstrous a disparity of strength 
began to affright the christians. Afonso 
made a speech, that filled them with mar- 
tial ardour, and retired to his tent, where 
be took up the Bible, and reading the 
passage of Gedeon, fell asleep. He had 
scarcely closed his eyes, when he thought 
he saw a venerable old man , who as- 
sured him of victory. At this moment , his 
chamberlain came in, and, awaking Afonso, 
told him that a very elderly man was an- 
xious to speak with him. Afonso ordered 
that he might be admitted ; but the mo- 
ment he made his appearance, Afonso 



INTRODUCTION. 



13; 



was wonderfully struck at the surprising- 
resemblance he bore to the person he 
had seen in his dream. He was the hermit, 
whom we above spoke of, who said: « The 
Lord put his eyes of pity upon thee and thy 
descendence unto the sixteenth genera- 
tion , in which it shall be extinguished ; 
ijevertheless He will look upon it, 
God Himself has ordered me to tell you, 
that, when you hear the bell of my hermi- 
tage chime, go out of your tent to see Him .» 
Having thus spoken, he retired to his cell. 
Henriques gave himself over to fervorous 
prayers, in which he spent that night, till 
at length he heard the promised signal- 
He immediately went out of his tent, and 
beheld a cross with Christ upon it : he 
prostrated himself on the ground, and ex- 
claimed : « Why appeareth to me, 0 Lord, 
who believeth in Thee ? Show Thyself, 
0 Lord , to those infidels , who knoweth 
Thee not, to abandon their errors. » 
« I appeared — answered the Lord — to 
encourage thee. I shall create in thy per- 
son and thy deseendents a nation, whose 
posterity will carry my name into the 
most distant climates. » Afonso remained 



14 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORT ft G, 

a hsorbed in himself, and all disappeared. 

At the first dawn of day (2o. th of 
July) the principal leaders had an inter- 
view with Afonso, saying that they wer e 
w illing to give him the title of king, which 
he acceded to, what was soon given out 
through all the army, which repeated at 
the sound of trumpets and other instru- 
ments : « Afonso is our king. » The two 
armies then closed the one with the other, 
and the combat became general. After 
much contention, Ismar fled. Both ar- 
mies experienced a great loss, but that 
of the mahometans was incredible. The 
battle being finished, Afonso remained 
three days on the field of battle, when he 
returned in triumph to Coimbra. 

War against the kingdom of Leon re- 
newed: peace of Samora. — Afonso, ela- 
ted with the victory of Ourique, infringed 
the peace of Tuy , crossing with an 
armed force the northern frontier. His 
passage was impeded, and Afonso him- 
self was wounded. Afonso VIII entered 
Portugal, and encamped near Valdevez. 
There was here a sort of tournament, 
where some eminent personages of Leon 



INTRODUCTION. 



15 



^vere prisoners (1140). Afterwards it was 
agreed upon a suspension of arras, which 
was succeeded by a treaty of peace, that 
was concluded in Saraora about the year 
1143 or 1144. Afonso VIII then acknow- 
ledged the title of king, which the son 
of Tereza had assumed. 

In this manner, Portugal remained ab- 
solutely independent, after so many strug- 
gles and so much spilt blood. To strengthen 
further this independence, Afonso solicited 
the protection of the court of Rome, to 
which he promised to pay yearly, he and 
his successors, four ounces of gold. 



PERIOD THE FIRST, 

(1143— 1383 . 

AFOiXSISH DYNASTY 

(1143— 1383). 
D. AFONSO r, 

THE CONQUEKOR, 

(1143— 1183). 

Character of Afonso Henriques. — Cortes of 
Lamego. — Destruction of Leiria and Trancoso. 
— Capture of Santarem. — Capture of Lisbon 
and other places. — Capture of Alcacer. — ■ 
— Defeat of the christians. — Taking of new- 
places, and retaking of Evora and Beja. — 
War against Ferdinand II of Leon. — Siege 
of Santarem. — Fuas Roupinho defends Por- 
todemoz. — Maritime exploits of Fuas Roupi- 
nho. — Last attempt of the moors against ihe 
christians during this reign. — Descendance 
of Afonso L 

haracter of Afonso Henriques. — The 
long reign of Afonso was a seldom in- 
terrupted series of victories, gained over 



D, AFOXSO I. 



:he saracens. Pressed on ail sides by ac- 
tive enemies, he showed a great spirit 
among them, sometimes facing one and 
sometimes the other. It is to so warlike 
a character, that Portugal owned her in- 
dependence. 

This hero, who never abandoned the 
works of war, in which he acquired an 
everlasting renown, showed likavise his 
piety in founding four magnificent mo- 
nasteries, St. Cruz of Coimbra, St. ?Jary 
of Alcobaca, St. John the Baptist of Ta- 
rouca, and St. Vincent deFora. He admit- 
ted in Portugal the military order of St. 
John of Jerusalem, which was hereafter 
named the order of Malta, and institu- 
ted another military order, called after 
the order of Aviz. 

Cortes of Lamego. — Should it be true 
that the cortes of Lamego, which are said 
to have been assembled in 1147, and 
which weFe the fundamental law of the 
state in the two last centuries, it was 
easy to discover the first social pact of the 
Portuguese, the exercise of the nation's 
sovereignty, and to find the origin of the 
?>ower granted to D, Afcnso and bis sue- 

9 



18 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTI'G, 

cessors ; but all gives place to think, that 
these cortes are supposed, and that their 
copy, found in the archive of Alcobaca, 
was forged about the end of the sixteenth 
or the beginning of the seventeenth century 
(Mr. Coelho da Rocha). 

Destruction of Leiria and Trancoso. — 
The misfortune ofOurique increased much 
the fury of Ismar against christians. He 
resolved to revenge himself upon them. 
He went beyond the frontier, and im- 
mediately conquered Leiria, which the 
christians had newly retaken. The bold 
commander Paio Guterres fell into the 
bands of the enemies , and the fortress 
was totally destroyed. Trancoso shared 
the same fate. The mahometans attempted 
to continue to destroy ; but Afonso Henri- 
ques defeated them. 

Capture of Santarem. — Afonso, resol- 
ved to take the strong castle of Santarem, 
and went to put the undertaking into 
execution. During night he approached 
the walls, without being perceived by 
the saracens : but seeing sentries at a 
place, in which it was not the custom, 
he pitched his camp in the midst of 



D. AFONSO I. 



Id 



standing com, till the sentries fell asleep. 
Some fearless portuguese scaled the wall, 
and raised upon it the christian colours. 
Aftenvards they broke open the doors 
from within, and the whole christian army 
entered the fortress. The king, overjoyed, 
knelt at the entrance, and thanked Heaven 
for the easy possession of a place reputed 
impregnable (1 147). 

Capture of Lisbon and other places. — 
About this time a fleet of cruzaders en- 
tered the Tagus, and Afonso proposed to 
them to assist him in taking Lisbon. 
The king pitched his camp on the north- 
side ; the cruzaders were posted at the 
east and west, and shut the siege on the 
side of the river. The siege lasted a month, 
and was terminated by a general assault. 
The saracens lost then their hopes, and 
surrendered upon terms. All the riches 
of the city were delivered to the cruza- 
ders : and such as prefered to remain in 
Portugal had lands given them , and 
were permitted to build several towns 
(1H7). 

Shortly after the taking of Lisbon, the 
christians made themselves masters of 

2 * 



20 ABRIDGEMENT GF THE HISTORY OP PORTL'G, 

Almada, Cintra and Palmela. The other 
towns, situated between the Tagus and 
sea, could not resist a long time. 

Capture of Alcacer, Evora and Bcja. — 
Palmela was a post of material importance 
in favour of Afonso's designs against Alcacer 
do Sal. For four different times he under- 
took its capture. He was wounded in 
the first assault, but succeeded in the 
fourth (1858). Afterwards Evora a^d 
Beja were also reduced under his dominion. 

Defeat of the christians. — Miraraolim 
could not see quietly the growing ruin 
of the sectaries of the alkoran , which 
the arms of Afonso threatened with every 
destruction. In order to stop the progress 
of this unwearied warrior, he came to 
the Peninsula. Afonso went out to meet 
the infidels. Fortune was against him: six 
thousand christians perished on the field 
of battle ; an infinite number were made 
prisoners ; the plunder was very rich. The 
lands, lately taken beyond the Tagus, 
fell also into the hands of the moors. 
These did not advance on the way, which 
their good fortune seemed to open to 
them. 



13. AF0X50 I. ' 21 

Talcing of new places, and retaking of 
Ex: or a and Beja. — The portuguese, whose 
courage appeared to be increased by mis- 
fortunes continued their incursions beyond 
the Tagus, and took successively Beja, 
Evora, Serpa and Moura. The capture of 
Evora is used to be described with cir- 
cumstances, that seem false ; but these 
are asserted by two very judicious por- 
tuguese writers, Resende and Brandao. 

War against Ferdinand II of Leon. — 
Forthwith a fresh war broke out between 
Afonso Henriques and his son-in-law 
Ferdinand II, successor of Afonso VIII, 
to the states of Leon. History does not 
know the true cause of this war, and 
scarcely knows, that Ciudad-Rodrigo ha- 
i tag been built by Ferdinand, from whence 
troops were sent out , that ravaged the 
Portuguese territory, and Henriques des- 
patched an army, commanded by Sancho 
bis son, in order to demolish that recently 
built city. This army fought against the 
enemy and was overcome. 

Afonso entered Galicia, and took pos- 
session of Tuy. He continued his hostile 
march , made himself master of many 



22 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG* 

castles, and, returned to Portugal. The leon- 
ish king, resolved to force away the 
Portuguese from Galicia, laid siege to the 
castle of Cedofeita, and obliged it to sub- 
mit to capitulation. It appears, however, 
that the victories of the king of Leon did not 
pass beyond this; still in 1169, a great 
number of castles in Galicia acknowledged 
subjection to Afonso Henriques. 

Ferdinand was in Galicia willing to 
expel from thence the portuguese, and 
the king of Portugal entered the moorish 
lands, directing his forces against the very 
important city of Badajos. Badajos was 
subdued, but the garrison took refuge in 
the castle. In the mean time Ferdinand 
appeared, and the portuguese passed from 
that of besiegers to besieged. They Avere 
attacked in the streets of the town on both 
sides, and there was a dreadful slaugh- 
ter , till at length the portuguese tied . 
Afonso, runing at full speed, in passing 
through the gate broke his leg, having 
struck it w ith violence against one of the 
bolts. He fell off his horse, having lost 
his senses ; he was carried far off, but 
even there he was taken prisoner (1169). 



X>. AFONSO I. 



Afonso Henriques, in the hands of the king 
of Leon , appeared to be overcome by 
adversity, and implored humbly his liber- 
ty , offering his kingdom in exchange. 
But the magnanimous Ferdinand gave to 
his father-in-law this generous answer: 
(( Keep the possession of your states : 
I will be satisfied with the castles, which 
you have taken from me. » 

Siege of Santarem. — In 1171 the 
moors possessed in the modern Portugal 
but the province , that we call now 
Algarve. The misfortune of Badajos had 
weakened the boldness of Afonso Henri- 
ques, and Miramolim intended to annihi- 
late his states. For this purpose he came 
into Spain with a large army, and in- 
vested Santarem, the defenders of which 
took refuge in the castle. At last Miramo- 
lim received information, that the leonish 
king came to the relief of the place, aud 
challenged him to a duel. Miramolim 
accepted it , but he lost his senses , when 
he mounted on horseback. Three times he 
made efforts; and as many others fainted , 
and death took place. History is ignorant 



24 ABRIDGEMENT OP THE HISTORY OF PORTl'G . 

of the cause of all this. This event terrified 
and dispersed the army (1184 . 

Fuas Roupinho defends Portodemoz. 
— It is in the year 1180, that the Por- 
tuguese chroniclers write the principal ex- 
ploits of the portuguese hero. Fuas Bou- 
pinho, commander of Portodemoz. The 
rnahometans resolved up* n taking this 
fortress, and attacked it. Roupinho looked 
upon the garrison, that was very small, 
without growing dcstardy. He left a part 
of it in the castle, went out with the 
remainder, and placed himself in ambush 
upon a ni^h mountain, from when e he- 
entreats the commander of Santarem for 
assistance. The auxiliaries were assem- 
bled, just as Portodemoz was strongly 
assaulted bv the saracens. From the moun- 
tain the people observed this assault, and 
it was too difficult for Fuas to repress the 
impetuosity of his soldiers, who wished 
to march to assist their comrades of the 
town. Night came on, and interrupted 
the operations of the infidels, who retired 
to their encampment , and fook their rest. 
Then the valiant Fuas descends the moun- 
tain , raarcbs in order, enters unawares 



D. AFONSO I. 



83 



ifhe lodgements of the moors , whom he 
routs with great slaughter, and forces to 
make a precipitate retreat. 

Maritime exploits of Fuas Ronpinho. 
— About this time a great fleet of moors 
infested the coast of Portugal. Fuas Rou~ 
pinho was appointed to combat against 
the enemies. The portuguese were little 
skilled in the art af navigation; for they 
hitherto had given themselves up to ter- 
restrial combats ; but their native boldness 
supplied their inexperience. 

Fuas Roupinho quitted the Tagus, and 
went out to meet the mussulmanish fleet 
near the cape of Espichel. The moors 
fought for a while with great spirit; but 
the death of their admiral threw them 
into confu-ion, and obliged them to sur- 
render. Fuas Roupinho, thus victorious 
in the first sea-fight of the portuguese, 
was received at Lisbon with all public- 
demonstrations of joy. 

Fuas set sail again, and, as he did not 
find moorish vessels in all the coast, put 
into the harbour of Ceuta. He attacked 
the ships, which were there anchored, 
took them, and returned to Lisbon. 



26 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OP PORTCG* 

In 1182 Faas set sail again for Ceuta, 
where he had to combat against a great 
mussulmanish fleet. Fuas valiantly fought, 
and perished covered with wounds. The 
death of the admiral drew the fightings 
into confusion, and the fear surpassed 
their courage. Eleven ships were taken, 
some were sent to the bottom, and the 
remainder reached the Tagus with the 
sorrowful tidings. 

Last attempt of the moors against the 
christians during this reign. — The ha- 
tred of the moors against the christians 
was not over. Soon after the siege of 
Santarem a powerful fleet came into the 
Tagus, and assaulted Lisbon. Among the 
several ships there was one, the height 
of which made easv the entrv into the 

J m 

adarves. Such a machine was to be fear- 
ed. A daring portuguese, however, de- 
termined to destroy it. During night-time 
he approached the vessel , and made so 
great a leak, that water utterly des- 
troyed it. By break of day the moors 
saw such a loss, and after landing and 
taking prisoners some christians, retired. 
Descendence of D. Afonso I. — D* 



D. AFOIfSO r. 



27 



Afonso I had by D. Mafalda daughter of 
Amadeo earl of Maurianna : 

D. Sancho, successor to his father, being 
bom at Coirabra in 1154. 

D. Urraca, wife of Ferdinand II of 
Leon. 

D. Mafalda and D. Tereza, 



D. SAXCHO I. 



THE PEOPLER AND THE FARMER. 

(1 183 — 1211;. 

Character of D. Sancho I. — Capture of Sil ve? . 
— Entrance? of Miramolim into Portugal — Mis- 
fortunes that Portugal underwent during this 
re. ; gn. — Retaking of Torres Novas. — End of the 
reign of D. Sancho. — Descendence of D. Ban- 
coo I. 

^yJiaractcr ofD. Sancho 1. — After D. 
Afooso Henriques ascended the throne 
his son D. Sancho I, who, so valiant as 
his father, was also inclined to peace. He 
thought that so long a reign, as the 
preceding, totally spent in warlike works, 
ought to be followed by another , in 
which, although these works should not 
be interrupted, the welfare cf the peo- 
ple should be also promoted. 

This monarch endeavoured zealously to 
people the territories depopulated by war 
and to encourage agriculture. He might 
have succeeded in this, without doubt. 



rendering his states very flourisjng, had 
he not to struggle with great adversities, 
which, in the course of his reign, vexed 
Portugal. He took some steps, however, 
in the glorious way, that he Lad begun 
to beat ; which procured him the honour- 
able surnames of the peopler , the far- 
mer. As soon as D. Sancho commenced 
to reign, he turned his care to build and 
repair many towns, as were, besides 
others, Yalenca, Montemor, Pcnamacor, 
Covilhan. 

Capture of Silves. — The king of 
Portugal desired to take Silves, a very 
important city of the moors, for it was 
considered as an abundant magazine of 
victuals and a well stored arsenal. The en- 
trance of a fleet of cruzaders into the 
Tagus enlivened the desire of D. San- 
cho. He received them with much kind- 
ness, and made them advantageous pro- 
posals to assist him in the reduction of 
Silves. It was upon these terms, that the 
king should have the possession of the 
town, and the cruzaders that of the trea- 
sures found in it. 

The city was assailed, and netwith- 



30 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

standing the courage of its defenders, it 
was. entered without difficulty. The moors 
sought refuge in the castle, delivering the 
city up to the mercy of the christians. 
D. Sancho resolved on giving a decisive 
assault to the castle. The sarracens knew 
their danger, and despatched three mes- 
sengers, entreating the king to permit 
the besieged to go out with what every 
one had, D. Sancho wished to consent to 
this proposal ; but this consent was con- 
trary to the pact he had made with the 
cruzaders ; who were even willing not 
to spare the life of the mussulmans. D. 
Sancho could soften their ill-will, and, 
accordingly, the enemies capitulated only 
for their lives. The moors withdrew from 
out of the place (1188). The cruzaders 
took the whole booty, and again proceed- 
ed on their voyage. 

An immediate consequence of this con- 
quest was the taking of Lagos, Albufeira, 
Portimao, Paderne, and many other pla- 
ces in Algarve: upon which D Sancho 
annexed the title of king of Algarve to 
that of Portugal. 



D. SANCHO I* 



31 



Entrances of Miramolim into Portugal. 
— Miramolim Jacub-Abu-Jussuf , very 
angry after the death of his father during 
his expedition toSantarem six years since, 
and chietly on account of the new tri- 
umphs of the king of Portugal, determined 
to strike a decisive blow to christian 
power, which he saw to grow more and 
more. He raised a very powerful army 
consisting of moors of Africa and Anda- 
lusia, at the head of which he entered 
the portuguese territories. He does not 
delay on the south side of the Tagus, 
crosses this, soon takes Torres Novas, and 
besets Thomar. But being suddenly at- 
tacked with a dangerous illness, he raises 
the siege, and went to his states (1190). 

Jacub-Abu-Jussuf, day by day enraged 
against the grow ing power of the Portu- 
guese, and being already restored, broke 
violently into Portugal. Nothing could 
resist the march of Miramolim. Silves, 
Alcacer do Sal, and other places, fell into 
the hands of Jussuf. The inhabitants of 
Almada, Palmela and other towns, fri- 
ghtened by the suiftness of the enemy's 
progresses, forsook their habitations. D. 



32 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTt'G, 



Sancho discontinued calling himself king 
of Algarve (1191). 

Misfortunes that Portugal underwent 
during this reign. — The years of 1 198 
and following proved fatal to Portugal, 
The greatest calamities seemed to con- 
spire against the portuguese. These cala- 
mities were said to have been foretold by 
an ellipse of the sun. 

The rains were continual and so co- 
pious, that they entirely destroyed the 
harvest. The winds blew so violently, that 
they tore up deeply rooted trees. These 
overflowings were followed by an un- 
usual drought, which made the earth un- 
able to receive any kind of tillage. A ne- 
cessary consequence of all this was a dread- 
ful famine. 

The plague raged also, and carried off 
many thousands of victims. 

It wanted the scourge of civil war, 
and this appeared also. 

Several noblemen increased yet more 
the calamities by the means of their re- 
ciprocal quarrels. 

Retailing of Torres Novas. — The moors 
had taken possession of Torres Novas, as 



D. SANCHO I. 



we ha?e re-aled. The infant D. Afonso 
plai eJ himself at the head of an army, 
and beina well aware, that the sooner he 
attacked the town, the better chance he 
had of success, assaulted it: but the ma- 
hometans opposed him with such valour, 
that he faded in the first attempt. Twelve 
days were elapsed, when the place was 
again assaulted so furiously, that the chris- 
tians passed over the walls. The Portu- 
guese were already within the town, and 
the moors yet defended themselves with 
bravery; but the former put to the sword 
all those whom thev met. Finally thev 
possessed themselves of the town, garri- 
soned it, and returned in triumph lo 
Coimbra. 

End of D. Sancho's reign. — The last 
years of D. Sancho's reign were zealoush 
applied to build and people many town.-, 
to rouse up agriculture, and to pacify th^ 
people , oppressed by wars and other 
mishaps, w hic h the portuguese endure i 
in this reign. Sancho devoted himself to 
such glorious works, when he died He 
treated his subjects as his own children, 



3 



34 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORT CG » 

thereupon they called him father of the 
people. 

D. Sancho was truly deserving of the 
deep regret his people felt for him. The 
disasters during his reign had given full 
reason to expect that his finances should 
have been reduced to their lowest ebb ; 
but to the surprise of (he world, after 
his death, a great supply of money was 
distributed, according to his will. 

Descendence of D. Sancho I. — D. San- 
cho I had by D. Dulce daughter of the 
< ount of Barcelona : 

D. Afonso, who succeeded his father, 
being born at Coimbra in 1188. 

D. Ferdinand, who married D. Johan- 
ne countess of Flanders. 

D. Peter, who was married to the 
countess of Urgel. This infant , breaking 
out with the king his father, went out 
from his country, and served under the 
banner of the emperor of Morocco. 

D. Tereza, wife of D. Afonso IX of 
Leon. 

D. Sancha, who converted her own 
palace at Alemquer into a franciscan mo- 



D. SA>'CHO I. 



33 



aastery, which was the first established 
of that order in Portugal. 

D. Mafalda, married to D. Henry I of 
Castile. 

D. Berenguella, married to Walde- 
mar II king of Denmark. 

D. Branca, the lady of Guadalaxara 
in Castile. 

Tereza and Sancha were beatified in 
1703. 



D. AFONSO II. 



THE FAT. 



(1211—1223;. 



Character of D. Afonso II. — Laws of Afon- 
so II. — Quarrels of the king -with his sisters. 
— Battle of Navas de Tolosa. — The town of 
Alcacer is retaken. — The disorders of the eler- 



K^yharacler of D. Afonso II. — On the 
death of D. Sancho I ascended the Por- 
tuguese throne his son D. Afonso II, who 
was endowed with the warlike qualities 
of his father and his grandfather. He is 
known in history by the surname of the 
fat, on account of his extraordinary fat- 
ness. He was frequently on the point of 
being suffocated by the weight of his ar- 
mour, as it happened to him near Serpa 
in an encounter against the moors. 

If Afonso, as a warrior, is worthy of 
praise, he is, as a legislator, superior to 
every elogy.. Portugal, yet in her infancy, 



gy. — Descendence of D. Afonso II. 




D. AFONSO II. _ 37 

had need of laws, and Afonso appeared. 
Municipal legislation, which was particu- 
lar to every town, was hitherto in use. 
Afonso established general laws. 

Laws of Afonso IL — Afonso held cor- 
tes at Coimbra in 1211, and published 
laws, which were hereafter recorded in 
the code, that has his name; laws little 
numerous, but full of wisdom and huma- 
nity. Not to mention these laws would 
he to deprive Afonso of his greatest glo- 
ry. These laws make us estimate the cha- 
racter of the king, as a legislator, and 
show the degree of civilization the Por- 
tuguese had acquired. 

These laws tended to establish the in- 
dividual liberty, to abolish too grievous 
tributes, to rule the civil rights, to avoid 
precipitated sentences in litigious ques- 
tions, to fix the church's and clergy's 
rights, and to take measures to convert 
the jew r s. 

It deserves to be particularly mention- 
ed a law the king made against himself, 
which, says Brandao, would be a crime 
to take no notice of. According to this 
law sentence of death could not be car- 



33 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG* 

ried into execution until twenty days after 
the passing of the sentence, to have time 
to repent, in case of being pronounced 
during an access of passion. 

Quarrels of the king with his sisters. — 
D. Sancho I had observed want of affe- 
ction among his children, and, to coun- 
teract the ill consequences which he fear- 
ed might follow through jealousy, he left 
rich legacies of money to the minor, and 
to the daughters he gave some towns ; 
and caused D. Afonso to take his oalh 
of observing every article of his testa- 
ment. These measures could not, how- 
ever, calm his antipathy. D. Afonso no 
sooner felt himself at the head of the 
kingdom, than he proceeded to take hos- 
tile measures against his brothers and sis- 
ters : but the brothers having immediately 
quitted Portugal, he directed his forces 
towards Alemquer and Montemor, where 
his sisters Tereza and Sancha had forti- 
fied themselves, determined rather to be 
buried alive under the ruins than surren- 
der: and they made a vigorous resistan- 
ce. Tereza applied to Afonso IX of Leon 
for assistance ; which he readily consent- 



D. AFONSO II. 



3y 



ed to. The king of Leon entered Portu- 
gal (1212). The portuguese, who were 
not well prepared to beat out the inva- 
ders, suffered all the heinous consequen- 
ces of war. 

The court of Rome thought upon set- 
tling the differences ; and ordered the 
towns to be committed to the knights- 
templars, without wronging the royal 
rights, so that the king would have their 
propriety, and the infantas their reve- 
nues ; that the damage both parties had 
suffered would be valued by desinterested 
persons, and reciprocally repaired, so far 
as possible. Soon after this the pope died; 
and only in 1223, that the contest was 
utterly appeased, in the reign of D,San- 
cho II. 

Battle of Nams de Tolosa. — Miramc- 
lim formed the gigantic design of ma- 
king himself master of the whole Penin- 
sula, and laid across the streights of Gi- 
braltar with an army agreeable to the 
greatness of the enterprise. The christian 
kings confederated against the sarracens. 
The king of Portugal could not go in 
person to this war, because the whole 



40 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTt G > 

kingdom had taken up arms : nevertheless 
he sent out a great body of soldiers. A 
battle being engaged, there was an hor- 
rible slaughter, and the christians gained 
victory. During this campaign the Portu- 
guese distinguished themselves bv manv 
acts of valour. This glorious triumph, which 
was the greatest the christians of the Pe- 
ninsula obtained over the moors, was ce- 
lebrated by the whole chrL-tendom. This 
renowned battle took the name of the 
place, near which it was fought, viz, Xa- 
vas de Tolosa. 

Tiietovsn of Alcacer is retaken. — Alcn- 
cer do Sal had yielded to the moors in 
the reign ofD.Sanclio I. It was of great 
moment to retake this town, and a fair 
opportunity offered itself for this. A fleet 
of cruzaders was entering the Tagus. D. 
Sueiro, the bishop of Lisbon, invited them 
to assist him in the capture of Alcacer. 
At this time, Afonso was not able to 
command in person, either on account of 
bad health, or for some other pressing 
cause. 

The place being besieged by the chris- 
tians, these received information that the 



D. AFONSO II. 



kings of Seville, Cordova and Badajos, 
marched to the relief of the place. The 
christians went to meet them ; and, after 
an obstinate contention , lost the victory. 
But they took again the field, and com- 
batled with success. Alcacer continued 
to resist the vigorous siege ; but the com- 
mander, beginning to feel the want of 
victuals, surrendered the place. The btoty 
was given to the cruzaders (1217). 

Tlie disorders of the clergy. — Conti- 
nual wars had produced amomr I he peo- 
ple a certain brutishness and koene-s < f 
customs. The ecclesiastics were accu- 
sed of being proud, and the kin^ was 
willing- to abate their pride. The arch- 
bishop of Bn.ga placed himself at the 
head of the clergy, defending w hr t he na- 
med their rights, and exhorted A Ion so to 
behave like a christian prince, nnd not 
as an impious one. This exhortation and 
the excommunication published by the 
archbishop against all those who would 
dare to trouble the clergy's tranquillity, 
provoked against him the king's hate. 
The archbishop was obliged to retire 
from his country. 



4*2 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

The pope , after many admonishments 
of no effect, asked Afonso to yield to the 
remonstrances of the holy see , repairing 
the damages he had made to the church ; 
otherwise, besides the censures he cau- 
sed to publish in the whole kingdom, 
he would free the portuguese from their 
allegiance, and wfrould abandon his king- 
dom to any one who might possess him- 
self of her. Such was the state of affairs 
in Portugal, when Afonso died. 

Descendence of D. Afonso II D. Afon- 
so II had by D. Urraca, daughter of Afon- 
so IX of Castile : 

D. Sancho , who succeeded his father. 
He was born in 1202. 

D. Afonso, who, succeeded his brother. 
He was born in 1210. 

D. Ferdinand , surnamed the infant of 
Serpa, because he was lord of this town, 
who served in Castile against the moors. 

D. Eleanor married Waldemar III, 
king of Denmark. 



D. SANCHO II, 



THE CAPUCHIN, 

(1223 — 1248). 

Character of D. Sancho II. — War against 
the moors. — Disorders in all the kingdom.— ^ 
Complaints to the pope , and their consequen- 
ces. — A castilian army enters Portugal. — Re- 
gency of the injant D. Afonso : unusual exam- 
ple of loyalty. 

^/haracter of D. Sancho II — The chief 
lineaments of D. Sancho's character are, 
decided tendencies to war and little vi- 
gour to repel the suggestions of his fa- 
vourites. 

D. Sancho was surnamed the capuchin, 
because he made use of a garment of this 
name. It indicated, either the devotion of 
his mother, who, during a dangerous sick- 
ness of her son , consecrated him to 
St. Augustine , or , what seems more 
probable, the piety of the prince himself? 
who, belonging to the order terceira, 



44 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTTG , 

wore outwardly his capuchin, agreeable 
to the custom of those times. 

D. Sancho had no sooner assumed the 
sovereignty, than, he devoted himself stu- 
diously to the good administration of jus- 
tice, and, in order to extinguish the less 
trace of discord, indemnified the archbishop 1 
of Braga and all the clergy against 
the prejudices his father had made to them. 
For what cencerned the strifes of his 
aunts, it was stipulated, that they 
should possess the towns of Montemor, 
Alemquer and Esgueira, which their fa- 
ther had bequeathed to them ; but that 
on their death, Montemor and Alemquer 
should belong to the crown, and Esguei- 
ra to the convent of Lonao (tSK&)« 

War against the tiioors. — D. Sancho II 
w as one of the portu^uese monarch*, who 
waged more active w ar against the moors. 
Since the beginning of his reign he en- 
deavoured to enlarge the narrow boun- 
daries of his kingdom at the expense of 
moorish blood, that he shed copiously in 
the provinces of Aleratejo and Algarve. 
His principal captain was Paio Peres 
Correia. The portuguese took, besides 



D . SANCHO II. 



many other places, Elvas, Jerumenha, Ser- 
pa, Aljusirel, Arronches, Mertola, Aia- 
monte, Cacella, Tavira, Siives and Pa- 
clerne. 

Disorders in all the kingdom. — Whilst 
the portuguese arms were crowned with 
success against the moors, and it was to 
expect a flourishing state, the favorites 
of I). Sancho committed horrid extor- 
tions ; and the perpetual quarrels between 
the clergy and nobility produced the effects 
of a complete anarchy. These disorders 
were partly perhaps fomented by D. Me- 
cia Lopes de Haro, who is called queen. 
I). Mecia was daughter of D. Lopo Dias 
de Haro , lord of Biscay. The people, no 
longer willing to be oppressed, began to 
be very clamorous; and Raimundo Vie- 
gas Portocarreiro marched against Coim- 
bra at the head of the insurgents, en- 
tered the city, went to the palace , where 
he seized the queen, and carried her to 
the castle of Ourem, whence, some time 
after, she was sent to Castile, and died 
there without ever again seeing the king. 
Sancho, seeing his queen thus torn from 



/ 



45 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF FORTV G # 

him, endeavoured to rescue her ; but no 
one would assist him. 

Complaints to the pope , and their conse- 
quences. — The portuguese laid their com- 
plaints before the pope. Two noblemen 
Rui Gomes de Bitreiros. and Gomes Vie- 
gas, the archbishop of Braga, and the 
bishop ofCoimbra, went offto the council 
of Lyon, and painted here in so lively a 
colour the misfortunes of Portugal, that 
the whole ecclesiastical meeting assented 
to lay down D. Sancho and give the re- 
gency to his brother D. Afonso, who 
was at Boulogne , married to the countess 
Matilda. D. Afonso, sensible of the 
council's decision, swore at Paris to main- 
tain and support the rights of the church 
and nation ; and departed off hand for 
Lisbon, attended by manv national ec- 
clesiastics and noblemen. 

A castilian army enters Portugal. — 
D. Sancho intended to raise men to resist 
the usurpation ofD. Afonso, but attenti- 
vely considering , that the commands of 
the holy see much influenced the spirit 
of the people, directed himself to Toledo, 
where his cousin D. Ferdinand gave him 



T>. SANCHO II. 



a kind reception. The infant of Castile, 
D. Afonso , took arms to support the 
rights ofD. Sancho, and advanced as far 
as Leiria. The earl of Boulogne despatched 
to the infant a messager, to inform 
him of the pope's sentence, and the pain 
of excommunication imposed to its trans- 
gressors. These tidings made so deep an 
impression on the mind of the infant and 
the other.chiefs, that immediately stopped 
their march. D. Sancho retired to Toledo, 
wh^ere he led a life of penance until the 
year 1248, in which he died. 

Regency of the infant D. Afonso : un- 
usual example of loyally. — D. Afonso, on 
his entering into the charges of regent, 
endeavoured to strengthen the peace and 
concord all over the kingdom. Some com- 
manders of forts did, however, refuse to 
deliver the keys to the regent, and sup- 
ported very pressed sieges. Fernao Ro- 
drigues Pacheco, governor of Celorico, 
and Martim de Freitas, governor of Coim- 
bra, gave very edifying examples of fi- 
delity towards their sovereign. 

Afonso took measures to get himself 
acknowledged by the different governors 



48 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

of the fortresses of the kingdom ; but 
several refusing, he commenced hostili- 
ties against them. Amongst other towns, 
he besieged Celorico, and invested the 
place so closely, that the garrison was re- 
duced to the utmost distress for want of 
provisions. One day, as Pacheco was walk- 
ing within the fort, a bird of prey dropped 
a trout at his feet, probably just caught 
in the river Mondego ; and, instead of 
eating this godsend , as might have been 
reasonably expected,he send it as a presen t 
to his besieger. From this act of policy 
the regent concluded that th garrison was 
abundantly supplied with provision, and 
immediately abandoned the siege. 

The regent then went to Coimbra, 
where he met with a most decided resis- 
tance from the governor of the castle. 
Freiias resolved to hold out the last mo- 
ment. After a long defence, the news of 
Sancho's death arrived, and w r as upon 
the spot communicated to Freitas ; who, 
thinking it a falsehood to get possession 
of his post, refused to deliver up the 
caslle. and asked for a suspension of arms, 
that he might go to Toledo, and satisfy 



B. SAXCHO II. 



49 



himself of the truth. This being granted, 
he went to that place, and having caused 
the tomb of Sancho to be opened, deli- 
vered him the keys of the gates with 
which he had been entrusted, and asked 
permission to surrender to Afonso. This 
ceremony ended, he took up the kevs, 
and returned to Coimbra, whereheopen- 
ed the gates , that Afonso might take 
possession. The regent was so much 
struck by this mark of fidelity, that he 
continued him in the command without 
exacting the usual oaths of allegiance. 
Fernao Rodrigues also surrendered. 



D. AFONSO Hf, 



THE BOCLOGNESE, 

(1248 — 1279). 

Character of D. Diniz. — Assistance given to 
the king of Castile — Conquests inAlgarve.— 
Conquests in Andalusia: their consequences. — 
Arrival of the countess Matilda in Portugal. — 
Discord between t'he king and the court of Ro- 
me. — Descendence of D. Afonso III. 



Character ofD. Afonso ///.— D. Afon- 
so, who was saluted king after the death 
of his brother, followed the steps of his 
antecessors, already disposed to take their 
sword against the islamism, and he got 
the glory of expulsrng completely the 
moors from the territory , that we at 
present name Portugal. His tendency to- 
wards war and his hatred to the alko- 
ran characterized Afonso so much, that 
before he left France to govern Portugal, 
he had already made preparations to come 



D. AFONSO III. St 

to Spain, in order to aid the christians 
against the saracens, because he saw in 
their power very important cities of the 
Peninsula. 

Afonso III shewed always a very ener- 
getic character, that a decisive tendency 
to relieve the unfortunate united to: and 
he arrived to that pitch of this tendency, 
that, for this purpose, he pledged the 
jewels of the crown, in time of hunger. 
For this reason , people often called him 
the friend of the poor. 

This king assembled twice the cortes, 
in which very salutary laws were made. 
The kingdom grew much bettcr,the cfown- 
ishness of customs diminished considera- 
bly. 

D. Afonso III encouraged trade, by 
settling a yearly fair at Covilhan. Those, 
who came there, either to buy or sell, 
1 could not be, eight days before and thirty 
days after it, destrained for the debts, 
which did not arise from bargains made 
in the fair itself. Those, who maltreated any 
buyer or seller, paid a great fine. 

The qualities of Afonso, which ren- 
dered him a very great king were 

4* 



S2 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTV 

stained by the crime of putting away 
his wife, a wonteo, who had given him 
the property and titles he enjoyed when 
he was infant. 

Assistance given to the lung of Castile. — 
Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon wil- 
ling to take Seville, the king of Portugal 
sent out to him many troops under Paio 
Peres Correia and Martim Fernandes. 
The city being besieged by the castilians, 
and the moors being acquainted with 
the troops, who marched from Portugal, 
Abu-Hamafon 9 king of Niebla , placed 
himself on the east side of the Guadal- 
quivir, in order to prevent the Portu- 
guese from joining the besiegers. The 
Portuguese arrived at the opposite bank, 
and neither the breadth of the river, nor 
the presence of the enemies on the other 
side, could shock them with fear. Thev 
got up the river, and chased the moors. 
After this, the portuguese took the city 
of Gelves, and entered the castilian en- 
camping. After a very pressed siege, 
Seville fell into the hands of the christians. 
The king of Castile was so much rejoiced 
at the signal services the portuguese per- 



D, AFONSO III. 



53 



formed during this siege , that Martina 
Fernandes was entrusted with the go- 
vernment of Seville by him (1248). 

Conquests in Algarve. — The following 
year Afonso turned his thoughts to com- 
plete the extermination of the moors in 
Algarve. He entered here with Paio Pe- 
res, and laid siege to the city of Faro, which 
was well garrisoned. The mussulmans 
after a great resistance, capitulated upon 
condition that they should evacuate the 
city without arms or baggage, and 
such of the inhabitants as would acknow- 
ledge Afonso as their king, and would 
pay to him the tributes they paid till 
that time to the emperor of Morocco, 
could remain in the city. 

The capture of Faro was succeeded by 
those of Alhufeira, Louie and Algesur ; 
by which means the kingdom of Algarve 
was entirely subdued. 

Conquests in Andalusia : their consequen- 
ces. — The war of Algarve being finish- 
ed, Afonso marched into Andalusia, and 
made himself master of some moorish 
towns. So many and so frequent conquests 
of the king of Portugal induced that 



S4 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORT! G. 

of Castile to oppose its pursuance and 
to deprive him of the possession of Al- 
garve. 

Both princes did agree to, that that 
of Castiie should enjoy the revenues of 
Algarve during his life, and that of Por- 
tugal the property and title of king of Al- 
garve. In order to warrant more this 
pact, D. Afonso III, who was lawfully 
married to the countess of Boulogne, was 
so bold as to contract a second marria- 
ge with D. Brit es, natural daughter of 
Afonso X. 

The saracens violently breaking into 
Andalusia, Afonso X applied for assis- 
tance from his son-in-law, and he sent out 
to him yet more troops than he could 
expect* It is said that the former gave 
up the revenues of Algarve to the latter; 
but still upon condition that he should fur- 
nish the castilians, whenever it was re- 
quired, with fifty lanciers. 

The king of Portugal w^as not plea- 
sed with the obligation of paying this 
kind of tribute to the king of Castile, for 
the possession of Algarve, which this 
monarch had by no way whatever con- 



B. AFONSO III. 



tributed to. He conceived an expedient 
in his mind to get clear off from this 
dependence, and succeeded. He sent out 
to the court of Castile his son Diniz, who 
was then six years old, to be knighted 
by his grand-father, and to ask the re- 
mitting of the fifty lanciers ; that object 
being the principal in semblance, it being 
this in reality. The monarch of Castile 
was much pleased with the beauty and 
liveliness of his grand-son ; and after 
knighting him with great pompe, offered 
the other object to discussion, and the re- 
quest was granted notwithstanding the 
opposition of some castilian noblemen. 
After this fashion, D. Afonso III could 
annihilate every kind of dependence on the 
saracens and castilians (1267). 

Arrival of the countess Matilda in Por- 
tugal. — The news of the accession of 
Afonso to the crown w r a& no sooner car- 
ried into Boulogne , than Matilda, still 
ignorant of the behaviour of her husband, 
came to Portugal. She arrived at Cas- 
caes, and, acquainted with what had hap- 
pened, wrote a letter to her husband on 
this subject ; but the envoys were treat- 



56 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG . 

ed with the utmost contempt. Matilda, 
full of indignation against her husband , 
returned to France, where S. Luis reign- 
ed and begged this monarch to intercede 
for her with the pontiff. Luis complained 
to the pope , who issued a brief , in 
which Matilda was declared legitimate 
wife of the king of Portugal and Brites 
bis mistress. Afonso slighted this brief. 
The pope became irritated at the king's 
want of respect, and placed him under 
an interdict. 

As soon as the news of Matilda's death 
arrived at Portugal , the prelates of the 
kingdom asked the pope to revalidate 
the marriage of the king with D. Brites. 
The pontiff ratified this marriage , and 
declared legitimate the infant D. Diniz , 
who had been born a year before the death 
of Matilda. 

Discord between the king and the court 
of Rome. D. Afonso III, following the 
steps of his father , resolved to curb 
the clergy , whom he reputed too 
powerful. For this purpose he exercised 
oppressions over the ecclesiastics , not- 
withstanding the oath he had taken in 



D. AFO'SO III. 



91 



Paris. The clergy had recourse to Rome , 
and the pope wrote to the king a reproach- 
ful letter (1273;. Afonso gave in some- 
what, and promised to publish some 
edicts in favour of the ecclesiastics. The 
pontiff was pleased with this conduct, 
which he considered as an effect of his 
reproaches. But the kiri^ r lengthened 
so much the fulfilling of his promises , 
that the pope did already seek new means 
to punish his disobedience , when death 
put a stop to his scheme. 

Portugal was in this state , when 
Afonso , some time before he died, thought 
maturely upon his life past , repented of 
having teased the ecclesiastics, and pro- 
mised by an oath to fulfil the mandates 
off the pope. Afonso III died thus abased. 

Dependence of D. Afonso HI. — If 
D. Afonso had, or not, children by 
Matilda, it is an historical problem of a 
very difficult solution. 

By D. Brites he had : 

D. Diniz, who succeeded his father, 
was born at Lisbon in 1961. 



58 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG, 

D. Afonso , who retired to Castile for 
the sake of his dissentions with his brother 
Diniz. 

D. Branca and D. Mary. 



D. DINIZ, 



THE FARM KB AND THE FATHER OF 
THE PORTUGUESE MUSES, 

(•279 — 1325). 

Character of D. Diniz. — Foundation of a 
university, and institution of the order of 
Christ. — Contest between D. Diniz ond his 
brother Afonso. — Quarrels between Diniz 
and Castile's court. — D. Diniz is made umpi- 
re to decide the question between D. Ferdi- 
nand IV and Afonso de Lacerda. — Disorders 
caused by the infantT). Afonso. — Descenden- 
ce of D. Diniz. 

(character ofD. Diniz. — High quali- 
ties formed the character of D. Diniz , 
whose justice , truth and generosity, be- 
came so conspicuous. D. Diniz greatly 
improved agriculture , which he called 
the nerves of the state. His great ten- 
dency to prosper this branch of industry 
procured to him the appellation of the 
farmer, an appellation, which we have 
already seen to belong to his great-grand^ 



60 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

father D. Sancho I. Like this, he deserves 
also the surname of the peopler. 

Diniz was a wise legislator, he publish- 
ed prudent laws in favour of his sub- 
jects. 

Diniz did assiduously cultivate learn- 
ing ; thereupon he was deserving of the 
surname of the father of the portuguese 
muses, or as he might with much pro- 
priety be styled, the patriarch of the 
Portuguese literature , because he gave 
the first forms to the portuguese language. 
His great tendency to study arose from 
the great instruction , which his father 
gave to him, for he had been in France, 
which was then the most flourishing 
country of Europe. 

D. Diniz was one of the richest kings 
of Portugal. The source of this wealth 
was agriculture, commerce and industry, 
which he zealously protected. He is said 
to have never used foreign things , 
neither in clothes, furniture, nor in eat- 
ables. 

Diniz applied a reign of fourty six 
years to increase the husbandmen's wealth, 
so that they , acquiring a certain impor- 



D> DINIZ. 6f 

tance, required more extensive rights , and 
obtained them from the wisdom of the 
king. The augmentation of wage§ en- 
gendered new necessities and gave to 
industry a new activity. With the hus- 
bandman and workman appeared the 
trader, whose traffic was encouraged by 
the first two , and all three assembled 
formed a state, that, indeed, existed 
before , but did grow and acquire im- 
portance under the protection of this king. 
And thus the prevalency of the nobility 
and clergy was equally balanced. 

In short, the administration of D. Diniz 
was very illustrated. We find in it the 
origin of the most part of the institutions, 
which hereafter rendered Portugal the 
first nation of the world. 

Foundation of a university , and insti- 
tution of the order of Christ. — One of 
the most glorious w orks ofD. Diniz was 
the foundation of a university. Portugal 
felt every effect of the want of knowledge , 
and the king, who, endowed with learn- 
ing f knew very well this grievance , 
resolved to remedy it. He chose a place 
fit for the schools , and this place was 



82 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

that now called Escholas Geraes , at 
Lisbon (1290)* In this place the university 
was settled until the year 1308, in 
which D. Diniz removed it to Coimbra. 
The cause of this removal was the conti- 
nual strifes , which arose between the 
students and the inhabitants of Lisbon. 
D. Ferdinand transfered it again to 
Lisbon , where it was until the reign of 
D. John III. 

The abolition of the order of the knights- 
templars being admitted in Portugal, 
D. Diniz applied the revenues of this 
order to a new military one , which 
he created under the name of the order 
of Jesus Christ. 

Contest between D. Diniz and his bro- 
ther Afonso. — The friendship of the two 
brothers , Diniz and Afonso , was not 
great , for the latter laid claim to the 
crown, saying that Diniz was not legiti- 
mate , having been born during the life- 
time of the countess of Boulogne. Diniz , 
incensed against Afonso , would compel 
him to acknowledge him as his sovereign 
at the towns of Portalegre , Arronches 
and Marvao, which his father had be- 



D . DINIZ. 



65 



queathed to him. Both look the field , 
and the towns , where Afonso resided , 
were besieged by D. Diniz. The siege 
was not prolonged: the two princes came 
to terms ; which were , that Diniz should 
pay to Afonso a certain sum , and that 
Afonso should have Cintra andOuremto 
reside in , instead of these three towns. 
The king solicited the exchange of the 
towns, because the latter were a greater 
distance from the frontier , for he feared 
that the castiiians would take up the 
plea in defence of D. Afonso. 

Quarrels between Diniz and Castile's 
court. — There was a solemn pact between 
the kings of Portugal and Castile, by 
virtue of which their eldest children 
ought to marry each other , and to secure 
this pact they gave hostages on both si- 
des. The time prescribed to bring the 
covenant into act having arrived, Sancho IV 
of Castile did not fulfil it , and investing 
the castles he had given as hostages , 
took them. Sancho, still perservering in 
his infidelity, ordered an army to enter 
Portugal by Leon's frontiers. Diniz, angry 
against Sancho on account of his little 



64 ARIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORT I G * 

love for truth, despatched to him an 
embassy , reclaiming the fulfilment of 
his word and the repairing of the dama- 
ges , which the entrance of his troops had 
caused. Sancho temporized with the em- 
bassadors, who returned without effect- 
ing any thing. 

In the mean time D. Sancho died, 
and his son Ferdinand did not carry inta 
execution the mandate of the late kin^ , 
who had ordered in his will the agreement, 
which he had made with the king of 
Portugal , to be fulfilled. Diniz declared 
war to the young monarch , and after 
many hostilities, the matches treated 
about were brought into reality (1297). 

D. Diniz is made umpire to decide the 
question between Ferdinand IV and Afonso 
de Lacerda. — Whilst Portugal began to 
enjoy some tranquillity, the rest of the 
Peninsula was wholly in war. Ferdi- 
nand IV , son of Sancho IV , who was 
second son of Afonso the Wise , reigned 
in Castile ; but Afonso de Lacerda , m 
son of the first born , would make him- 
self master of what he thought to belong 
to him , and called himself king of Cas- 



D . DIrCIZ. 



63 



rile and Leon ({298). The rival princes 
made D. Diniz the judge of this question. 
Diniz set forth on his journey , attended 
by a splendid retinue, giving always 
clear marks of his great liberality. The 
subject being discussed , it was agreed , 
that Afonso de Laccrda should resign 
the title of king of Portugal and Leon, 
and sin uld have the possession of many* 
ttims , which were prescribed. 

Disorders caused by the infant D. Afonso; 
— The last years of the re^n of D. Diniz 
w*ere troubled by the malice of his son 
Afonso, who, becoming jealous of the 
inclination, which his father shewed 
towards his illegitimate son Afonso San- 
cfrea , revolted against his father. He dared 
to pretend to the administration of justice, 
lie said publicly, that Sanches bore the 
greatest offices in prejudice of him , to 
whom belonged the ru c ssion , which 
his father would deprive him of. 

The infant, after some rencounters, 
marched upon Lisbon. The king went to 
meet him near Compo Pequeno, and an 
obstinate fight commenced. The queen 
D. Elizabeth (hereafter canonized) ap- 



66 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

peared amidst the warriors , directed 
herself to her son , and exposed to him 
the perverseness of his conduct. The 
queen's words made so deep an im- 
pression upon the infant's heart , that he 
gave up to the instances of his mother, 
and threw himself at the feet of his fa- 
ther ; which , however , took place , be- 
cause Afonso Sanches retired to Spain , 
willingly sacrificing his interests for the 
tranquillity of his country. 

Dcsccndcnce of D. Diniz. — D. Diniz 
had by D. Elizabeth, daughter to D. Pe- 
ter III of Arragon : 

D. Afonso, who reigned after his 
father, was born at Coimbra in 1291. 

D. Constanga , who married to Ferdi- 
nand IV of Castile. 

D. Diniz had not by marriage: 

D. Afonso Sanches. 

D. Peter, author of the celebrated 
noliliario das familias de Hespanha. 



D. AFOXSO IV, 



THE BRAVE, 

L;i25. — 13o7\ 

Character ofD. Afonso IV. — The £ing cU- 
votes the whole of his attention to hunting. 
— War against the infant D. Afonso Ran- 
ches. — Discord between D. Afonso and the 
king of Castile. — Renowned battle of the Sa- 
lad o. — History of D. Ignezde Castro. — War 
between D. Peter and his father. Descendencfi 
of D. Afonso IV. 



naracier ofD. Afonso IV. — D. I)i- 
mz was succeeded by D. Afonso the Bra- 
ve, so called from his great valour. Tite 
country then enjoyed a profound peace , 
the subjects lived amidst the plenty , 
the treasury was very rich. This monarch 
was endowed with ele\ated quali- 
ties ; but at the same time he commit- 
ted many faults. Indeed, his acts, impro- 
per for a sovereign, so much blemished 
his character, that it is said of him, 
that he was an ungrateful sen, unjust 

S * 



68 ABRIDGEMENT OF TEE HISTORY OF PORTUG,- 

brother, and a cruel father. Against his 
father he was already seen to revolt; 
against his brother he will be seen wa- 
ging v^ar; against his son, no one is now 
ignorant of the murder of the unhappy 
Ignez de Castro, without other guilt, than 
that of being beautiful and being lo- 
ved. 

Valour was, in that time, the most 
honourable title of the princes. The war- 
like character ofAfonso was great; what 
he evidently showed at the war against 
Castile, and chiefly in the famous plains 
of the Salado. D. Afonso IV was a re- 
fined politician for that time. He caused 
justice to be in lfke manner applied to 
all ; he considered no man superior to 
laws. He held the cortes six times. The 
influence of his vigorous administration 
made prosperous the nation. The deve- 
lopment of the country's forces, the aug- 
mentation of the inhabitants, were im- 
peded but by calamities independent of 
that influence, as were an earthquake 
which destroyed Lisbon, and an epide- 
my which seized many victims. The swift 
disappearance of the traces of these two 



D. AF0>*50 IV. 



69 



scourges was owing to the protection 
allowed by the king to the free exerci- 
se of the national activity. He always 
gave ear to the people's voice, which was 
transmitted to him hy the cortes. 

This rei^n became verv celebrious , 
because the portuguese then commenced 
the astonishing navigations, which ren- 
dered their name known all over the world. 
Two expeditions reached the Canary 
Islands. 

The king devotes the whole of his atten- 
tion to hunting. — In the beginning, his fa- 
vourite pleasure for the chase caused him to 
forget the most important state affairs. On 
one occasion, one of his counsellors told him, 
in the name of all, w ith admirable liber- 
ty : «Sire, your style of living must 
infallibly be altered. Hunting attracts your 
whole attention, and you slight the ad- 
ministration of the state. Be therefore more 
assiduous : else. . . » The king was highly 
e/ncensed, and cried out : « Else ! . . » And 
they all daringly replied. « Else, we shall 
chose another king to attend to the welfa- 
re of his subjects. » The king left the 
room, threatening to punish severely those 



70 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HfSTORY OF PORTCS* 

who had dared to express themselves 
with so little respect. Afonso, however, 
soon saw his error, and changed his con- 
duct, giving himself up entirely to busi- 
ness. 

As w r ell these ministers so zealous to 
the public deserve to be imitated, so 
ought to be despised flatterers, who, verv 
political cameleons , t ike the same co- 
lours of their princes , and thus cause 
their ruin. 

War against the infant D. Afonso San- 
dies. — The kiner Afonso yet entertained 
an inveterate abhorrence against his bro- 
ther Sanches, and did not lose sight of 
his overthrow. And at present, master 
of the royal power, meditated revenge. 
For this purpose he formed against him 
a process grounded upon false accusations, 
so that he confirmed his banishment, and 
deprived him of all his property and dig- 
nities. In this, Afonso separated himself 
much from his natural love to justice. 

Sanches could not repress his wrath , 
levied an army , and entered Portugal. 
The portuguese army offered him battle, 
but it was overcome. 



D. AFONSO IV, 



fi 



The king Afonso , pushed forward by 
the victory his brother had just obtained, 
raised a large army , penetrated into 
Castile , laid siege to Albuquerque , re- 
duced the place to a heap of ashes , and 
came back to his states. At length the 
saint queen used her influence in bringing 
about an accommodation , and the diffe- 
rences were made up. 

Discord between D. Afonso and the 
king of Castile. — Afonso XI of Castile 
had married D. Mary infanta of Portu- 
gal , and the espousals of D. Peter With 
I). Branca infanta of Castile had been 
celebrated. This infanta was incapacita- 
ted for the married state, owing to some 
constitutional disease or defeat; and 
Afonso contracted the marriage of Peter 
with D. Constanca , to whom the king 
of Castile had been espoused. 

The excessive love, which the king of 
Castile treated Eleanor de Gusmiio i cha- 
grined queen Mary. Afonso IV was high- 
ly indignant at the treatment experienced 
by his daughter ; but to ask a satisfaction, 
he waited the coming of Constanca to 
Portugal. With this intention, he impart- 



72 ABRIDGEMENT -OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG-* 

ed to the king of Castile the unfitness of 
Branca for a married state, and the fu- 
ture marriage of Peter with Constanca. 
The castilian king privately addressed to 
Constanta a letter , in which he gave 
her hopes of ascending the throne , on 
account of the illegitimacy of his marriage 
with Marv. These insinuations w erodes- 
pised by Constapga , who "was not 
permitted to come to Portugal , and he 
l3egan to treat the queen in a very degrad- 
ing manner. 

D. Afonso FV got ready his army and 
entered Castile. A castilian army pene- 
trated into Portugal. The saracens thought 
this an opportunity not to be U.st, to 
endeavour to recover the whole of Spain. 
The two crowns then brought about an 
accommodation , the terms of which were; 
that Constanca should be sent to Portu- 
gal ; that Branca should be allowed to 
return to Castile ; that Gusmao should 
go out of the court ; and that Mary should 
be treated like a queen. 

Renowned battle of the Salado. — 
Already in 1332 the prince Abu-Meli- 
que, son of Ali-Boacem, a powerful 



d. Aroh'so iv. 



king ofBarbary, had come to Spain, sent 
for the assistance of the king of Grenada ; 
and in 1338 he attributed to himself the 
title of Gibraltar, Algezira and Honda , 
which were under him , but wishing to 
extend his conquest, died in a fight. 
Ali-Boacem desired to avenge the death 
of his son , proclaimed himself king of 
Spain , and collected a very powerful 
army. The africans were desimbarked 
and joined to the grenadians. 

The moorish kings determined to com- 
mence their unluckv undertaking bv the 
capture of Tarifa , in which they did not 
-{succeed , notwithstanding a pressed siege. 
D. Afonso XI grows fearful , addresses 
1). Mary his wife, earnestly entreating 
her to ge an 1 implore the assistance of 
her father. The queen of Castile acquitted 
herself of her commission so well , that 
the demand of the king of Castile was im- 
mediately acceded to. Afonso IV marched 
upon the spot to Spain , and entered 
Seville. 

The christian kings assembled their 
ministers , and discussed , whether they 
ought to abandon Tarifa at the discretion 



74 AERIDGE3XE5T OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

of the saracens upon the condition of 
their retiring to Africa , or whether they 
ought to go and oblige them to raise the 
siege. Almost all the members adhered 
to the first part. Then Afonso of Portu- 
gal lifted up his voice, and besides 
other reasons , alleged that he had not 
£one out from his kingdom to be idle, 
but to keep in awe the barbarians and 
defend the christian religion. This speech 
altered the whole assembly , and it was 
allowed on all hands , that people ought 
to stick to the opinion of Afonso. The 
christians hastened towards the enemy , 
and met them on the plains of the Sa- 
lado. 

Ti e signal being made , the two ar- 
mies closed one upon the other, and 
gallantry fought , till at lenght the sol- 
diers of the cross broke the astonishing 
multitude of the barbarians, and put 
I hem to flight. 

The christians , elated with the success, 
committed every species of inhumanity 
in the field of the infidels. The quantity 
of booty was immense. Afonso accepted 
but the young Anta , on whom he himself 



D. AFCK50 IV. 



had laid hands, and the colours of the 
kins: of Grenada ; and in a little time he 
released the youn^ man without any ransom 
to his father. This famous battle was 
named battle of the Salado (1340). 

History ofD. Ignez de Castro. — - Con- 
stancy had brought Ignez de Castro from 
Castile. Her unusual beauty rendered her 
the most lovely and also the most un- 
fortunate creature of the a^re. Ignez was 
an illegitimate daughter of Peter de Cas- 
tro , grand-son of D. Sancho the Brave. 
The prince D. Peter was inveigled into 
a passion for Ignez. His passion was top 
violent not to be | erceived by Constanoa, 
who nevertheless concealed her disgust , 
and showed towards Ignez the same in- 
clination : but she did not avert her eves 
from her , thinking that thus she prevented 
the misfortunes, which could arise from 
the passion of her husband. This reci- 
procity made Constanca pine away and 
gave occasion to her death (1345). 

The remembrance of his wife remaining 
buried under the grave-stone together 
with her ashes , D. Peter , as he some 
time after swore, contracted a second 



*?6 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG, 

marriage with Ignez , with whom he lived 
at the palace of Coimbra. The marriage 
of the prince was not well known to the 
public. The favourites of the king, Al- 
varo Goncalves , Peter Coelho and James 
Lopes Pacheco , represented to him, that 
the public welfare required that the 
prince either should marry, or should 
declare , whether he had married Ignez. 
Peter manly rejected the proposals of a 
second marriage. 

Those whose interest it was to get rid 
of this unfortunate woman , took advan- 
tage of that opportunity to state to the 
king the dangerous consequences that 
might attend such a connection; insinua- 
ting , that she was proud and ambitious ; 
in which she was supported by her bro- 
thers , who had both great power amongst 
the people : that the infant Ferdinand * 
son of Constanga , would undoubtedly fall 
ji victim to her ambition : that the welfare 
of his people demanded that he should 
make Ignez feel , that heaven had never 
intended her to be elevated to the throne : 
that even had her birth not been objec- 
tionable , it was necessary that Portugal 



XJ. AFO>*50 IV. 



should seek an honourable and useful al- 
liance ; which end , most certainly , w as 
not attained by the connection with the 
house of Caslro , who were onlv com- 
moners. By such many other persuasive 
arguments, Afonso allowed himself ta be 
convinced of the necessity of humbling 
the pride of the ill-fated Ignez. 

Goncalves , Coelho and Pacheco were 
her bitterest enemies. These three ruf- 
fians , thinking themselves secure by the 
king's protection, meditated the dark 
design of murdering the lovely I^nez : 
they accordingly communicated the plot 
to Afonso. The king consented, consi- 
dering it a necessary sacrifice for public 
safely , welfare of the state , and to 
ensure a legal succession to the crown. 

The queen Brites , mother to the prince 
D. Peter, and D. Goncalo Pereira , 
archbishop of Braga , and some other 
persons of rank , anxiously wished to 
save Ignez; and they agreed to warn the 
prince: but he looked on this advice, 
as a stratagem to induce him to separate 
himself from Ignez ; not thinking it pos- 
sible that so barbarous a measure could 



TS ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTt«, 

be in serious contemplation. The king 
set out from Montemor , and went to 
Coimbra. The infant was absent in a 
hi^nting-parly at the time the kingarri- 
vecNn the town; but Ignez having heard 
of Afonso's design, went out with her 
children , and met him at the gates of 
her palace ; she threw herself at his 
feet, bathed them with tears, and en- 
treated for mercy ; at the same time 
presenting him his grand-children, who 
clung about his kneels , screaming and 
begging for their mother's life. Afonso, 
at such a distressing scene , was unable 
to execute his savage design , and turned 
from them ♦ shocked at the barbarity of 
the deed he had been on the point of 
perpetrating : but Alvaro , Coelho and 
Pacheco reproached the king , who , no 
longer beholding the affecting distress of 
Ignez , yielded to their entreaties , and 
commanded them to give the fatal blow. 
Accordingly , they went to the palace , 
and stabbed the unfortunate princess. 

Thus fell the lovely Ignez de Castro , 
a victim to the false policy of a set of 
barbarians 



D. APOS'SO IV. 



War between D. Pater and his father. — 
D Peter, on his return' from the chase, 
learned the full extent of his misery ; 
and after some time having recovered 
from the first pangs of the heart-rending 
anguish he suffered., he turned his whole 
attention to sally out his revenge upon 
the monsters. The project was not easy 
to execute , for the assassins w ere under 
the protection of the king. He however 
was determined on revenge , and his first 
measures were to assemble his party j 
and proceed to lay waste the northern 
provinces. He next advanced upon the 
city of Porto with the intention of ta- 
king it: but Peter having been informed, 
that the archbishop of Braga was in the 
city, and had determined to perish un- 
der its ruins rather than surrender , he 
gave up his intention through motives of 
gratitude; for it was the archbishop 
who had warned him of the fate that 
waited Ignez. Afonso now felt the sad 
consequences of his ill-judged and cruel 
policy. 

Such w r as the state of affairs 9 when 
the queen went in search of her son, and 



80 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTOK1 OF PORTU©. 

represented to him the horrors of a civil 
war; as also , that by such means he- 
would reduce to the most deplorable con- 
dition a kingdom , which would shortly 
be his own. These arguments had but 
little effect on Peter, who would not 
hear of peace , unless Alvaro , Ccelho 
and Pacheco, were delivered up to him. 
Afonso refused to comply with this de- 
mand : yet the country was in a dreadful 
confusion; and each joining the party 
that best suited his interests, seemed to 
threaten the whole kingdom with the most 
horrid of all calamities, that of a general 
civil war. 

At length it was proposed to banish 
the assassins , and Peter consented : 
and thus peace and tranquillity were 
re-established. 

Descendence of D. Afonso IV. — 
13. Afonso had by D. Brites , daughter 
of D. Sancho IV of Castile : 

D. Peter, successor to the throne, 
was born at C imbra in 1320. 

D. Mary , wife of D. Afonso XI of 
Castile. 

I). Eleanor , married to D. Peter IV 

of AiT&£6fj. 



D. PETER, 



THE CRUEL, 

(1357 — 1367). 

Character of D. Peter. — Laws, — Capital 
punishment of Alvaro Goncalves and Peter 
Coelho. — D. Peter swore to have been mar- 
ried to Ignez. — The corpse of Ignez is remo- 
ved to Alcobaca. — Cruelties of D. Peter. — 
D.Peter denied to assist the king of Castile. — 
Descendence of D. Peter. 



(Character of D. Peter. — Peter did 
io effect punish too rigorously crimes , 
and was so much pleased with it , that, 
without allowing any space of time , he 
himself acted frequently the executioner. 
If D. Peter is worthy of praises, it is 
because he did cause the laws to be 
observed both by little and great ones ; 
for the laws , w hich are kept but by the 
mean set of people, look like cobwebs, 
which seized but small insects. It must 

6 



82 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTL'G. 

be said , that his severity tended not to 
heap up treasures , but the property of the 
executed was liberally given hv him to 
Y/ell-deserving men. 

Just by his great severity , Peter was 
really endowed with very eminent libe- 
rality. When he dressed himself, he 
often ordered his valet& de chambre not 
to buckle his belt , because he wished to 
have his hands and arms at liberty to re- 
ward the worthy persons. He used to say , 
that a king, who spent the day without 
having therein performed some good acti- 
on, w as unworthy of his dignity.He order- 
ed to manufacture every year a great 
cumber of gold and silver cups , which 
he rewarded the services of his subjects 
with. He gave to many noblemen's 
children great yearly pensions, in order 
not to disagree from the virtues of their 
forefathers. 

D* Peter was most given up to litera- 
ture , and composed good verses for that 
time , some of which can be seen in 
cancioneiro of Rezende. 

He held once the cortes. 

Laws. — Peter's laws were too much 



D. PETER. 



83 



austere. He forbade advocates , because 
he thought that they served but to for- 
ward the processes , and to make them 
last longer with sophistical reasons. This 
remedy was , however , fruitless , because 
the inconvenience was not in them. The 
persons, who managed the roman law, 
were accused, and this was justified; 
the contrary of what it ought to be : 
but this demanded a more perfected logic 
than that of those times. 

D. Peter sentenced pain of death and 
confiscation of goods and property against 
the magistrates , who prolonged the law- 
suits or were suborned. This law was 
infringed by one of his most confident 
desembargadores : the king dismissed him 
upon the spot , and banished him from 
the court. He prohibited his subjects , 
under pain of being scourged for the first 
time, and beheaded for the second, from 
buying or selling on trust the objects of 
luxury. 

Peter issued many other severe laws ? 
and also many salutary ones. 

His rigour , indeed , infusing a great 
terror , repressed licentiousness , and gave 

6 * 



84 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG . 

to the kingdom a certain tranquillity. 
Citizens and countrymen were pleased 
with the assurance they enjoyed , and 
the certainty of losing no fruit of their 
labour. Thus a peace of ten years could 
spread its beneficial influence throughout 
the kingdom. The overplus of the natio- 
nal products was envied to the foreign 
nations, from whence came great riches. 
The arrival of the foreign commodities 
engendered, it is true, fresh necessities; 
but these necessities gave rise to greater 
efforts, and increased the production. 

Capital punishment of Alvaro Gongal- 
ves and Peter Coelho. — As soon as D. Pe- 
ter began to reign, he turned his thoughts 
to revenge the murderers of D. Ignez 
de Castro, who had taken refuge in 
Castile. This behaviour was over blamable; 
because in the pact he had entered into 
w ith his father , he had sworn to forgive 
them. 

He next asked the king of Castile to 
deliver them up. His request w r as grant- 
ed ; that is , an exchange was made of 
them for four criminals , who had sought 
their safety out of Castile in Portugal. 



D. PETER. 



83 



Pacheco escaped. Gongalves and Coelho 
were seized and delivered to Peter at 
Santarem. On their arrival there, the king 
ordered them to be thrown into a dis- 
mal dungeon, and soon after they were 
put to the torture ; but all that cruelty 
could invent was insufficient to make them 
declare any thing. After torturing, for a 
length of time, these miserable wretches 
without success, they were conducted to 
the scaffold, which had been erected in 
front of the royal palace. Peter had the 
satisfaction to witness, with the utmost 
composure, one of the most horrible exe- 
cutions ever beheld by the people of Por- 
tugal. The hearts of the culprits, whilst 
alive, were cut of their bodies; one had 
his taken out at the breast, and the other 
through the back: they were then burnt, 
and their ashes scattered to the wind. 

D. Peter swore to have been married to 
D. Jgnez. — Four years were elapsed after 
the accession of Peter to the throne, when 
he determined to make public his marriage 
with Ignez and proclaimed her queen of 
Portugal. He assembled at Cantanhede 
the principal noblemen of his court , and 



86 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

before them swore with all the formalities 
to have married Ignez at Braganga. Three 
days after, D. Gil, D. Stephen Lobato 
and others, swore to have been present 
at the ceremony of the marriage. 

Afterwards, this clandestine marriage 
was divulged, and at the same time was 
published a bull, by which D. Peter was 
permitted to marry any relation. Notwith- 
standing this , many people did not give 
any credit to his lawful match. 

The corpse of Ignez is removed to Ale o- 
baga. — D. Peter resolved on giving to 
the world the last document of his love 
to Ignez, proclaiming her queen even af- 
ter dead. He ordered two handsome tombs 
of white marble to be erected in the 
monastery of Alcobaga, one for Ignez, 
the other for himself. After he called 
together at St. Clara of Coimbra all the 
noblemen of the kingdom , aud ordered 
the corpse of Ignez to be removed from 
the grave ; and this corpse being placed 
upon a throne, every one kissed her hand. 
The ceremony being over, it was conveyed 
with great pomp to Alcobaga. The road 
was on both sides lined with people hold- 



33. PETER. 



87 



ing lighted tapers: and although the 
distance is seventeen leagues, most of the 
nobility and gentlemen attended the fu- 
neral on foot, in long mourning cloaks. 
The body having reached Alcobaga, her 
hand was again kissed. 

This sumptuous solemnity being finish- 
ed , the remains were deposited in the 
magnificent tomb, which w r as reserved 
for them. 

Cruelties of D. Peter. — The whole 
reign of D. Peter was a series of acts of 
severe justice, often committed precipi- 
tantly. We can say that some of them 
were of cruelty. Neither lavmen nor ec- 
clesiastics shunned his rigour ; and if it 
was said to him, that he ought to leave 
the ecclesiastics to the judgement of their 
prelates and vicars, he answered that, 
being placed upon a scaffold, were left 
to Jesus Christ, who was their vicar, and 
would give justice to them. 

D. Peter denied to assist the king of 
Castile. — Besides the pact respecting the 
mutual delivery of the criminals, the kings 
of Portugal and Castile had entered into 
a treaty, in which they agreed to assist 



88 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OE PORTl'G, 

themselves mutually against their enemies. 
The cruelties of Peter I of Castile drove 
his people into open rebellion, and the 
infant Henry, his illegitimate brother, 
was proclaimed king. Peter went out of 
Castile, and, having reached Coruche, sent 
to acquaint Peter therewith, and to re- 
quest his protection. Peter refused the 
demands of the king of Castile, and scarcely 
consented to travel through his kingdom 
to Galicia. From here he departed to 
England. After this event, a treaty of 
peace and friendship was, by entreaty of 
Henry, made between the two kingdoms. 

Descendence of D. Peter. — D. Peter 
had by D. Constanca : 

D. Ferdinand, who succeeded his fa- 
ther, was born in 1345. 

D. Mary, wife of Ferdinand infant of 
Arragon. 

By D. Ignez de Castro he had D. John, 
D. Diniz and D. Brites. 

By a mistress, named Tereza Lawrence, 
a noblewoman of Galicia, he had D.John, 
grand-master of the military order of Aviz, 
and after king of Portugal, who was born 
in 1337. 



D. FERDINAND I, 



THE HANDSOME, 

(1367—1383). 

Character of D. Ferdinand. — Flourishing 
state of Portugal in the beginning of this reign. 
— First war between Portugal and Castile. — 
Marriage of the kins* to Eleanor Telles. — 
Second war. — Tragical death of Mary Telles. — 
The queen attempts the death of the grand- 
master of Aviz. Descendence of D. Ferdi- 
nand. 



(Character of D. Ferdinand and the 
queen. — When D. Ferdinand gave up to 
the management of the affairs of his king- 
dom, he displayed great understanding and 
vivacity ; but his spirit was more active 
than profound, and his imagination sharp- 
er than strong. He easily formed designs, 
and likewise put them into execution. 
Obstacles did not hinder him, and he was 
not scrupulous with respect to the mora- 



90 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

lity of means ; what he desired only, was 
to succeed in his schemes , which did not 
fail, in general, for the sake of difficulties 
in their execution, but on account of his 
inconstancy. 

His vanity made him to slight the wise 
opinions of his counsellors ; he confided 
more in his penetration than in that of 
those who surrounded him. Bv the means 
of his dexterity he thought to be able to 
deceive a long time the neighbouring 
kings. Without the least deference towards 
his allies, he infringed the alliances, con- 
tracted others with their enemies, and 
was alw r ays ready to take oaths and vio- 
late them. 

Ferdinand was fond of the women, 
and let them take a great ascendency 
upon his will and decisions. It was of 
no importance to him about their dignity 
or quality , using his daughter's name 
to satisfy his political projects. Five times 
the hand of D. Brites was offered in 
marriage, and as many more it was sa- 
crificed to new combinations. This king 
was, indeed, the symbol of inconstancy, 
he was one of the kings, who defiled more 



D. FEHDINANT* I. 



91 



the shining series of the portuguese mo- 
narchs. 

It was not only on account of his too 
great instability, that D. Ferdinand ought 
to have been deprived of the crown. 
He was also vilely ruled by the queen, an 
ambitious woman, able to tread under 
foot the most sacred laws and the most 
just considerations, when she wanted to 
satisfy her unbridled ambition. The in- 
finite crimes of this infamous w oman will 
be seen during the present reign, it will 
be seen, how she shamefully poured poi- 
son into the mo>t innocent lives , and 
made tyranny to triumph through the 
most unrighteous wickedness. Ferdinand 
wanted energy to oppose her perverse- 
ness. 

The gentleness of D. Ferdinand towards 
the people, his prodigality and meekness, 
explain in some measure, how this king 
was dearer to his subjects, than it was 
to be expected from a prince, whose faults 
were so fatal to the nation. The unhap- 
piness, which vexed Portugal during this 
reign, arose from his character, which 



92 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTLG. 

put the kingdom upon the very brink of 
suffering the strange yoke. 

We must here say, that the severe 
posterity only recollects the frailty of the 
monarch, the instability of his mind, his 
foolishness and loves. Bat D. Ferdinand 
played also the part of legislator ; and, 
in this quality, his acts would be suffici- 
ent to make conspicuous any reign. He 
assembled the cortes five times. 

If D. Ferdinand was a moderate man 
and of a medium prudence, he could 
spend his days peacefully, supporting his 
crown with grandeur, and the prosperity 
of his people might augment. It was even 
possible, that the maritime genius of the 
Portuguese, which had already appeared in 
the reign of D. Afonso IV, would be 
displayed, and that they would enter that 
course of discoveries, although it were 
not with the eagerness, with which they 
were inspired by the popular reign r 
which followed, so rich in glory and exam- 
ples. 

Flourishing state of Portugal in the 
beginning of this reign. — D. Ferdinand 
commenced his reign, being possessed of 



D. FERDINAND I. 



93 



immense sums, which had been amassed 
by his predecessors. Besides this, the re- 
venues of the state amounted to about 
two thousand five hundred conlos. The 
revenues of the custom houses of Lisbon 
and Porto were so considerable, that the 
historian Fernao Lopes believed to amount 
upon an a verage, to about five hundred 
contos. 

Trade attracted to Lisbon great num- 
bers of foreigners; there were here genoese, 
lombards, milanese, biscayners and others. 
Every nation possessed in this city a 
great mumber of houses, which served as 
warehouses. The foreigners enjoyed many 
privileges, which were an important part 
of the state's revenues. Change was es- 
tablished, and considerable exportations 
and importations forwarded circulation. 
The principal objects of exportation were 
wine, oil and salt. 

In the harbour of Lisbon there were often 
four hundred and fifty merchant ships, 
foreign and portuguese. The affluence of 
so many foreigners seemed even dangerous 
in a city, then without walls, and on this 
account infantry or cavalry were put on 



94 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF F0H7C S 

duty to maintain the securance of the 
populace. 

But the inconstant character of the 
king dispersed all these advantages. 

First ivar between Portugal and Cas- 
tile. — D. Peter of Castile, aided by Eng- 
land , returned home; but his brother 
killed him with his own sword in the 
fields of Montiel. Although the memory 
of Peter was generally hateful, many no- 
blemen delivered to D. Ferdinand the 
places, of which they were commanders. 
D. Ferdinand laid claim to the crown of 
Castile, founding his pretensions on his 
being the great grand-son of a king of 
Castile. 

Henry entered Portugal, and subdued 
several tow r ns. The pope believed he ought 
to interfere ; and, through his mediation, 
a peace was agreed to ; the principal 
condition of which was, that D. Ferdi- 
nand should marry a daughter of D. Henry. 

Marriage of the king to D. Eleanor 
Telles. — The time appointed for the 
king's marriage with the princess of 
Castile, according to the treaty, was fast 
approaching, when D. Ferdinand clandes- 



D. FERDINAND t. 



HO 



tinely espoused D. Eleanor Telles de 
Menezes, who divorced from her husband 
John Lawrence da Cunha. The public 
desapprobation soon became evident, and 
at length burst forth into an open rebellion* 
Three thousand armed men appeared at 
the gates of the palace, at whose head 
was a tailor, called Fernao Vasques, who 
daringly spoke the sentiments of the 
populace to the king; telling him, that 
he disgraced the crown he wore, and that 
Eleanor was unworthy of sharing it, both 
on account of her birth and conduct. The 
populace spoke of Eleanor in terms of 
the bitterest reproach. Vasques was behead- 
ed. D. Eleanor obtained high offices and 
dignities for all those, whom she considered 
disposed to support her in case of a re- 
verse (1372). 

Second tear. — After this , D. Ferdi- 
nand entered into a confederacy with the 
duke of Lancaster, son of Edward III, 
king of England. This duke was married 
to a daughter of the late king of Castile; 
thereupon he laid claim to this crown, 
Henry could not tolerate, that the king 
of Portugal would ally with his competitor 
against him ; and, before the arrival of 



96 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTIT,. 



the english troops , passed the frontier, 
was approaching Lisbon , and established 
himself at the convent of St. Francis. 

The pope compromised the differences 
between the two princes. The principal 
conditions of the treaty of peace were : 
that D. Ferdinand should treat the eng- 
lish like his own enemies ; that JohnFer- 
nandes Andeiro should be banished from 
Portugal (1373). 

Third ivar. — Henry being dead, the 
inconsiderate Ferdinand formed the design 
of commencing war, foolishly persuaded, 
that he would be more successful against 
D. John, than he had been against his 
father. He ordered Andeiro, who resided 
in England, to form an alliance with the 
duke of Lancaster and his brother the 
earl of Cambridge against Castile. 

The king of Castile, being conscious of 
this alliance and the preparations he 
made in Portugal against him, also pre- 
pared himself to resist any invasion, which 
he continually waited upon, and war was 
declared. The english troops, headed by 
the earl of Cambridge, arrived at Portu- 
gal. After several actions, in which no 



D. FERDINAND I. 



97 



Portugal, and her husband should take 
the title of king of Portugal ; but if at 
this time existed a child of Brites, this 
child should inherit the crown, and D. Elea* 
nor should be regent during the minority 
of him (1383). This marriage was a 
source of calamities , as we will see 
shortly after. 

Tragical death of D. Mary Telles. — - 
D. John , the first born of D. Ignez de 
Castro, resided at the court of his brother 
D. Ferdinand: beloved by him end by 
the queen Eleanor, he was happy, when 
he married D. Mary sister to the queen. 
The latter conceived the most unpardonable 
jealousy and hatred against her. The queen's 
detestation reached to such a pitch, that 
she at length formed the horrid design 
of destroying her. Eleanor had no male 
issue , and the king , her husband , was 
sicklv and infirm; so that she foresaw her 
loss of the royal authority by the death 
of D. Ferdinand , and that the crown 
would pass to D> John, and by these 
means this hated sister would ascend to 
that very dignity , which she herself then 
enjoyed. These considerations were mere 



98 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POETUG. 

than her ambition could endure, and served 
to strengthen her in the detestable plan she 
had projected. Eleanor , to carry forward 
her design, pretended ignorance of the 
infant's marriage with her sister , and 
proposed to him to marry her only daughter 
Brites, that he might secure to himself the 
succession to the crown. 

Ambition shook the noble sentiments 
of the infant, who turned all his thoughts 
to abandon his wife, of whom he was ti!l 
now passionately fond. The wicked queen, 
seeing her scheme to succeed , sent for 
D. John, and told him , that she betrayed 
him and loved another. These devilish 
suggestions made an agreeable echo in the 
ear of the infant, because they put before 
him the glittering aspect of a throne. 
Dazzled,therefore, by the lustre of a crown, 
D. John gives attention to them , and, in 
the violence of passion , he performed 
the most horrid crime. He assassinates 
his wife. 

The queen , on hearing of her sister's 
assassination , affected to be deeply grieved 
at her melancholy fate ; she instantly went 
to the king (who was ignorant of all) and 



D. FERDINAND I. 



99 



threw herself at his feef , demanding that 
he would revenge the death of her un- 
fortunate sister. Notwithstanding this, Elea- 
nor shortly after interceded with Ferdi- 
nand for 1). John's pardon ; which being 
granted, he returned to court. The infant 
finding, that the queen made no further 
mention of his marriage with the infant 
Brites, began to open his eyes, and spoke to 
the queen; receiving but evasive answers, 
was thoroughly convinced of the whole per- 
fidy practised by the queen to draw him 
into her snare. He left the court, and re- 
tired to Castile. 

The queen attempts the death of the 
grand-master ofAviz. — Eleanor, thrown 
into the career of vices, lost all the re- 
verences towards heaven and regard to 
the world. Her attachment to Andeiro 
was at the brink of causing the death of 
D. John , grand-master of the order of 
Aviz. Eleanor, considering that he was 
perhaps the only one , who would under- 
take to revenge the affront she made to 
the honour of his brother , forged false 
letters , and laid to the infant charges of 
correspondence with the king of Castile : 



1 00 ABRIDGEMENT CF THE HISTORY OF PORTtT^ 

and the infant was committed to prisom 
The same night of this imprisonment, 
the queen made an edict with the false 
signature of the king, on which the in- 
fant was ordered to be offhand beheaded. 
But the falsity was discovered , and the 
infant released. 

Descendence ofD. Ferdinand. — D. Fer- 
dinand had by D. Eleanor an only child , 
D. Brites. He had , not by marriage , 
a daughter, who espoused an illegitimate 
son of Henry II of Castile. 



INTERREGNUM, 



(1383 — 13S3\ 



D. JOHN OF AVIZ , NDNO ALVARES 
PEREIRA AND JOHN DAS REGRAS, 

Three beros save Portugal from the yoke 
of Castile. —The queen approved of the" pro- 
clamation of the castiiian king. — Death of 
Andeiro. Popularity of the grand-master.— 
I he ^rand-master is chosen regent. — Entrance 
of the king of Castile in Santarem. — The queen 
attempts the death of her son-in-law. — Battle 
of Atoleiros.— Siege of Lisbon.— Conspiracy.— 
Cortes of Coimbra. 

J^hree heros scree Portugal from the 
yoke of Castile. — On the death of D. Ferdi- 
nand , the portuguesa monarchy remained 
exposed to the most imminent danger. 
There was not any one who could lawfully 
put on the diadem. The king of Castile, who 
deemed indisputable his rights to succes- 



102 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTI7 If . 

sion , would break the articles of the treaty 
he had made with his father-in-law , and 
kept in custody the infants Diniz and 
Ferdinand, sons of D. Ignez de Castro. 
Portugal was, therefore, about to sea her 
liberty to expire , which liberty had been 
so chargeab'e to the first mccarehs. Inva- 
ded bv the forces of Castile, she saw im- 
rainent her servitude ; but to vindicate 
that liberty, rose up three portuguese 
heros, D. John , grand-master of Aviz , 
Nuno Alvares Pereira and John das Re- 
gras , among whom there were union , 
valour , activity , resolution , patriotism , 
and common principles and interests. 

The grand-master of Aviz and Alva- 
res Pereira will always occupy an honour- 
able place in the annals of history , as 
well by their intimate friendship , as by 
their great courage. John dasRegraswas 
one of the renowned men of this time. He 
was a consummate speaker, and his words 
were instrumental in maintaining the li- 
berty of his country. In effect , a wise 
man is sometimes more able to fix the 
destinies of a nation, than numerous armies 
and capable generals. States are oftener lost 



INTERREGNUM 



103 



for want of good advice than for that of 
undaunted commanders. 

The queen approved of the proclamation 
of the castilian king, — After the death 
of D. Ferdinand , the queen D. Eleanor 
took into her own hands the discharges 
of the duties of regent The king of Cas- 
tile ordered the infants John and Diniz to 
be arrested , and dispatched an ambassador 
to Eleanor, desiring her to have him 
proclaimed king of Portugal. In conse- 
quence of which, orders were sent through- 
out the kingdom , in compliance with 
D. John's commands. But the moment he 
w r as about to be proclaimed , the people 
did not consent to. 

If the king of Castile did not take in 
custody the infant D. John , he would 
now be enumerated in the catalogue of 
the kings of Portugal , on account of his 
great popularity. 

Death of Andeiro. Popularity of the 
grand-master. — The favour of the queen 
towards John Fernandes Andeiro thwart- 
ed the views of the defenders of liberty. 
The grand-master went straight to the 
palace , and even here dispatched him. 



104 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POR TTTG- 

By this time the whole of Lisbon wa s 
in riot. One of the pages of the infant 
ran about the city, crying out, that his 
master's life was in danger , and that he 
was in the queen's palace. All the people 
armed themselves, on hearing of D. John's 
situation, and would have forced the pa- 
lace-gales , to rescue him , had not the 
infant presented himself at the window 7 . 
The grand-master , finding that the mass 
of the populace was in his favour , left 
the palace amidst the shouts and the ac- 
clamations of the populace, who followed 
him, and hailed him the father and pro- 
tector of liberty , the only remedy against 
tyranny. 

The grand-master is chosen regent. — 
A few days after, it was reported that 
D. John I , king of Castile , marched 
against Portugal with a very large army. 
The infant, who till now had dissem- 
blingly refused to accept the government, 
agreed to the entreaties of his partisans, 
and was chosen for regent and defender 
of the kingdom. And in order to plainly 
show the sincerity of his meanings , he 
ordered, that the* portrait of the infant's 



INTERREGNUM 



iOo 



John and Diniz in fetters might be paint- 
ed on the standards. 

Entrance of the king of Castile into 
Santarem. — The king of Castile penetra- 
ted into Portugal , possessed himself of 
some places, which his commanders wil- 
lingly delivered him , and entered Santa- 
rem , where the queen resided. It was 
agreed to by them , that the king of 
Castile should assume the regency during 
the political movements, after which the 
queen should be reinstated in the plenitude 
of her former authority. 

The queen attemps the death of her son- 
in-law. — The concord between the king 
of Castile and his mother-in-law was not 
very lasting. The queen was already 
weary to obey. Then took place an even', 
which made the two princes show their 
mutual enmity. Eleanor planned out a plo ? , 
the principal victim of which ought to be 
the king of Castile. But it was discovered, 
and D. Eleanor was confined in a monas- 
tery at Tordesilhas , wherein she finished 
her days. Such was the end of the queen 
of Portugal , D. Eleanor Telles de Menezes, 
woman , indeed , of a manly spirit , but 



108 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG* 

without circumspection to rule it. She 
always shewed inclinations little honest , 
and w r as another example , that women , 
on account of their indiscretions , are often 
the ruin of republics and the subversion 
of empires. 

Battle of Atoleiros. — The kins: of Cas- 
tile waited for the arrival of his fleet , 
to besiege Lisbon both by sea and land. 
In the province of Alemtejo all was full 
of fright: but Nuno, who knew how to 
refrain the pride of castilians , was ap- 
pointed governor of that province , and 
went to meet them , in spite of their in- 
comparably greater numbers. Peter Alva- 
res Pereira , brother of Nuno , was the 
enemies'general. The two armies came 
to an engagement, and the castilians were 
worsted. This battle is called the battle 
of Atoleiros , a name derived from that 
of the place f in which it was fought. 

Siege of Lisbon, — The king received 
no sooner information , that the fleet drew 
near , than he marched with his army 
upon Lisbon , and laid siege to it. In 
short , the besieged were reduced to a 
most miserable condition ; hunger was so 



INTERRE6KUM 



107 



sharp , that unclean animals were looked 
upon as an excellent nicety. There was 
no remedy. The regent was deprived of 
recourses. He ordered the useless mouths, 
as old men , women , children and disea- 
sed , to go out from the city; and as the 
castiliacs repelled them inhumanly , it was 
a dreadful sight, to observe these unfor- 
tunate and innocent people hurt by enemies 
and friends. Here are the consequences of 
war,in which the most detestable vices usurp 
the agreeable title of virtue, and the most 
barbarous actions put on the mask of 
necessity. 

In so distressed a situation on the part 
of the portuguese , the castilians raised 
the siege , being obliged by an epidemy, 
which began to rage with great fury. The 
king returned back to his states , with 
intention of renewing the war the next 
year with greater strength and activity. 

Conspiracij. — The grand-master was 
on the point of being the victim of a 
conspiracy contrived by the king of Cas« 
tile. The commander of Torres Vedras 
was to give shelter to the conspirers in his 
town , if any circumstance required it. 



1 OS ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OP PORTUG t 

John de Baeza and Garcia de Valdez took 
upon themselves the perpetration o[ the 
murder. In short, the regent was acquaint- 
ed with all. The plotters withdrew to 
Torres Vedras ; none but Valdez was 
seized and executed. The commander of 
Torres Vedras unpleasantly saw the failure 
of the undertaking; and as vengeance is 
oft-times the consolation and relief of 
villanous men , he ordered the hands and 
noses of six portuguese prisoners to be 
cut off, and sent them cut in this state 
to the regent. He was on the very 
brink of doing as much to six castilian 
prisoners ; but his violence of passion 
growing cooler , he desisted from such a 
cruelty , and thus attracted the heart of 
every one. 

Cortes of Coimbra. — In 1 385 the cor- 
tes were held at Coimbra as to the choice of 
a king. John das Regras had been char- 
ged with making a speech , determining 
who lawfully ou^htto ascend the portu- 
guese throne. The three states of the 
. kingdom being assembled, that able ora- 
tor rose up, and made a long speech, the 
substance of which is as follows : 



INTERREGNUM 



109 



«D. Brites is excluded from the suc- 
cession , because she is not a legitimate 
daughter to D. Ferdinand ; she was born 
during the life of John Lawrence , hus- 
band of D.Eleanor: and although she was 
legitimate, she was excluded, because 
her husband, having broken the treaty, 
wherein the succession was arranged , 
has thus also forfeited his claim. The sons 
of D. Ignez de Castro, being illegitimate, 
have no right to the crown ; and , even 
if they had, they are unworthy of inherit- 
ing the throne, for having absented them- 
selves from the kingdom, and having born 
arms against her. The marriage D. Pe- 
ter published after the death of his father, 
is ev idently false. In consequence , the 
kingdom is without a legal heir , and the 
corles have a right to chose a king. We 
should, therefore, appoint a king of illus- 
trious blood , approved valour and great 
love towards the portuguese. All these 
qualities are to be found in the utmost 
degree in the infant D. John , grand- 
master of the order of Aviz. » 

This is not the place adapted for the 
examination of this speech. 



1 10 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PCRTUG. 

The victorious eloquence of the speaker 
caused a!i the opinions to converge: and 
immediately the clergy, nobility and peo- 
ple, after intreating hira and pressing 
him to consent to their ardent desires, 
proclaimed the regent king of Portugal 
by the name of D. John I. 



PERIOD THE HI, 

(1385 — 1381). 

JOHN S DYNASTY, 

(1385 — 1580). 
D. JOHN I, 

OF GOOD MEMORY, 

(1385 — 1433). 

Character of D. John I. — Connections be- 
tween Portugal and England. — Battle of Tran- 
coso. — Famous battle of Aljubarrota. — Battle 
of Valverde. — Siege of Coria. — Arrival of the 
duke of Lancaster in Portugal. — The king 
of Portugal and the duke of Lancaster enter 
Leon. — Peace. — Capture ofCeuta. — Descen- 
dence of D. John I. 

(Character of D. John I. — One of the 
greatest monarchs, who occupied the Por- 
tuguese throne, was D. John I, a very 



i 1 2 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF FORTH G* 

religious t valiant, liberal and element prince 0 
We have seen him displaying all his abili- 
ties and warlike genius, to avoid the ruin 
of Portugal, the loss of his independence ; 
and now, sceptre in hand and crown on 
the head, no one shall see his truly royal 
energy to grow weak, till at length, on 
tbe plains of Aljubarrota, he will decide 
with his invincible sword the question of 
his country's liberty. 

The Portuguese, after vanquishing their 
adversaries, thus laying the ground-work 
of their liberty, stimulated by the martial 
inspirations af their king, will wage war 
against the enemies of their religion to 
the centre of their lands, not leaving them 
peaceable even beyond the Streight of Gi- 
braltar. 

Though arms were his element, John I 
gave forth very useful laws, and ordered 
to translate the cede of Justinian. He held 
thecortes twenty four times, thus identifying 
himself with the nation. He obliged 
himself, at the time of his accession to 
the throne , neither to declare war , 
nor make peace , without previously 
consulting the states; and also not to da 



D. JOHN I. 



113 



any important thing without listening to 
the voice of his counsellors. 

By the influence of so great a monarch, 
the clergy, that, a long time ago, had stri- 
ven against the royalty, did think it was 
just to contribute also to the expenses of 
the state. 

D. John admired the learned, and par- 
ticularly the great Vasco de Lobeira, au- 
thor of the liistovi i dc Amadis de Gaula. 

Lastly, D. John was one of those men, 
to whom history chides but ambition, 
which he could so well hide, that it seemed 
against his will to ascend the throne, after 
which he did ambitiously seek. 

This king cause J the magnificent mo- 
nastery of Batalha to be built, to fulfil the 
vow he had made for the victory of Alju- 
barrota. He substituted the era of Osar 
to that of Christ. 

Connections between Portugal and Eng- 
land. Commerce , frequent communica- 
tions, need of foreign assistance, marriages 
between the royal families, early esta- 
blished connections between Portugal and 
England. Commercial relationship are 
betimely observed between the two na~ 
8 



114 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG, 

tions. The commercial treaty of 1308 sup- 
posed a preceding one between the Portu- 
guese and english traders, and allowed to 
the former passports and privileges to carry 
on traffic in England, to travel there freely, 
to enter and to go out, on condition of intro- 
ducing no prohibited commodities and 
paying the accustomed duties. The treaty 
of i 308 seems to have been the basis and 
rule of the commercial transactions bet- 
ween Portugal and England. 

The kings of England did persevere in 
this friendship, and did take under their 
protection the portuguese merchants, their 
vessels, merchandise and goods. In 1358, 
the traders of the maritime towns of Portu- 
gal, chiefly Lisbon and Porto, made with 
the king of England a covenant, by which 
the vessels of each nation were permitted 
to enter without obstacle the havens of the 
other. At the same time the portuguese 
were permitted to fish in the seas of Eng- 
land, paying the accustomed rights. 

The treaties were renewed when D. 
Ferdinand ascended the throne. These new 
conventions invigorated the ancient treaty ; 
for they repeated it textual ly. 



D. JOHS I. 



115 



After the accession of D. John I to the 
thron«, the communications between the 
two kingdoms, the ^mutual relationship 
of the royal families, became more and 
more frequent. The ancient treaty of com- 
merce and alliance of 1372, which was 
only an amplification of the preceding, 
was renewed in 1386. The marriage of 
D. John to the daughter of the duke of 
Lancaster sealed these ties of friend- 
ship with the crown of England, strength- 
ened the different treaties, which exis- 
ted between the portuguese and english. 

None of these transactions showed pre- 
Yailment of one state with respect to the 
other.The inequality between the two pow- 
ers was not great at this time. England, 
though larger and more peopled, did not oc- 
cupy the elevated position it acquired after- 
wards. If Portugal was less and more 
thinly peopled, this was sufficiently coun- 
terbalanced by her situation in the extre- 
mity of Europe, by the advantages ari- 
sing from a long tract of the coast, by 
the progressive, seldom interrupted au- 
gmentation of the people's force and 
activity, and by the presence of a mo- 

8- 



116 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

narch they had chosen, a monarch 
worthy of the throne. It there could not 
be a prince less fit to give th * ad- 
vantages of the people, or the rights of 
the throne to any foreign sovereign, 
though he were the most powerful. 

Battle of Trancoso. — Immediately on 
the accession of D. John to the crown, 
the Spaniards entered the province of 
Beira, where they committed every spe- 
cies of enormities. The city of Viseo was 
plundered and reduced to ashes: but 
when the enemy was on their return to 
Spain with a rich booty, the portuguese 
met them, retook the plunder, and rout- 
ed them utterly. 

Famous battle of Aljubarrota. — The 
king of Castile, sensible of the ill success 
of the battle of Trancoso, entered Portu- 
gal with a large army. He laid sie^e to 
Elvas, and raised it after committing hi- 
deous cruelties. He penetrated the pro- 
vince of Beira, where he drove all be- 
fore him with fire and sword : he took 
Celorico, levelled Trancoso with the 
ground, and possessed himself of Leiria. 
The king of Portugal joined at Abrantes 



D. JOHN I. 



ins army to that of the high-constable 
Nuno Alvares Pereira, and both went in 
quest of the castilians ; and on the thir- 
teenth of august 1385, they encamped 
on the commons of Aljubarrota. There 
was a great disparity of numbers bet- 
ween the two armies. 

The portuguese and Spaniards joined 
battle with equal courage. The slaughter 
was very great on both -sides. The van- 
guard of the portuguese army was una- 
ble to resist any longer the over pow- 
ering numbers of the enemy, and gave 
ground backward with great havoc. The 
king of Portugal, who had till now re- 
mained in the rear-guard, perceiving the 
loss of the battle to be imminent, quit- 
ted his place, set the lance upon the rest, 
and advanced crying out: « Comrades, 
follow your king who carries you to the 
^ ay of triumph. » Uttering these words 
he began to fight, and spread horror and 
devastation wheresoever he drove : and 
thus the fortune of the battle was chan- 
ged. The fugitive returned to the battle, 
the fearful resumed courage, the batta- 
lions assembled, and charged furiously 



\ 



118 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF P0RTUG, 

thecastilians. These made off, leaving the 
field and roads covered with the dead ; and 
the persecution would not cease, had not 
oight come to interrupt it. 

Such was the famous battle ofAIjubar- 
rota, where the flower of the Spanish no- 
bility perished, and where the portuguese 
obtained an indelible fame. 

Haille of Valverd». — The castilian 
chiefs, who commanded places in Portugal 
in the name of the king of Castile, abando- 
ned them at the mercy of the portuguese. \s 
soon as the constable went to his province, 
he levied a small army, crossed the Gua- 
dian i, and entered Castile. The portugue- 
se soldiers, impelled by an untameable 
fury, laid waste the country, and com- 
mitted horrid acts of cruelty. The portu- 
guese army was near Valverde, when the 
people came and told the constable, that the 
enemies were so numerous, that they were 
like the herbs of the field, « That is good — 
answered Pereira — would to God that 
the whole forces of Castile should be 
here together to at once overcome them, 
and thus our triumph would be more glo- 
rious. In effect, the disparity of the two 



D. JOHrU. 



119 



armies was still greater than in Aljubar- 
rota. 

The battle commenced. After much 
contention, fortune obeyed to the best 
arm. The castilians retired, leaving slain 
on the field of battle their general, the 
grand-master of the order of St. James. 
The portuguese pursued them, while the 
light of day permitted it, and laden with 
booty returned to the kingdom with the 
head of the castiliau general. This battle 
was fought in October 1383. 

Siege of Coria. — After this verv glo- 
rious expedition, the constable joined the 
king, who was then employed in besie- 
ging Chaves; which place shortly capitu- 
lated. After this both went into Castile, 
and laid siege to Coria. This place was well 
supplied with provisions, warlike stores 
and troops; and as the portuguese brought 
no machines to batter the walls, and the 
ladders were verv little, thev wasted 
much time, and manv died squashed bv 
the stones thrown upon them. The Por- 
tuguese conducted themselves during this 
siege with great stoutness or rather te- 
merity. 



1 20 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OFPORTUG. 

D. John was compelled to raise the 
siege, and said: « I feel the want of the 
knigths of the round-table. » « We want 
no knights resembling those of the round- 
table — replied Avith liberty Mem Rodri- 
gues de Vasconcellos ; — we want the 
good king Arthur, who never wronged 
his knights. » « Arthur — said the king 
coming] to himself again — was one of the 
round-table, and comparable to any of 
you. » It is remarkable and worthy of 
praise the liberty, which the king and his 
knights reproached themselves with. The 
siege being raised, they traversed the 
frontiers. 

Arrival of the duke of Lancaster in Por- 
tugal. — The duke of Lancaster, beco- 
ming acquainted with the progresses ofD. 
John, thought that he would never again 
have a more favourable opportunity for 
renewing his claim to the crown of Cas- 
tile than that now offered. He equipped a 
large fleet, where he embarked with his 
wife, and daughters, Philippa and Catha- 
rine, and as many troops as he could 
collect. Arriving at Portugal, he held an 
interview with the king, with whom he 



D. JOHN I. 



121 



entered into a confederacy, according to 
which thev ought to give mutual assis- 
tance. It was also agreed the marriage of 
D. John to Philippa , daughter of the 
duke. 

The king of Portugal and the duke of 
Lancaster enter Leon. — Soon after this 
the princes rushed by force into the ter- 
ritory of Leon, where the people expe- 
rienced the mischievous effects of Avar, 
being unable to oppose the arms of the 
Portuguese, whose sentiments of emula- 
tion spured their natural audacity. They 
laid the siege to Villalobos, that shortly 
capitulated. On this occasion the exploits 
of Rui Mendes and Gonralo Vasques were 
so signalizing, that the duke said : « Would 
to God that my question could be decided 
bv the means of a single combat : the two 
heros Mendes and Vasques could obtain 
a good result by it. » The king and the duke 
felt, however, the little effect of their pro- 
gress in the enemies' lands. The english, 
unaccustomed to the heat of the climate, 
died in areat numbers. All these circum- 
stances made the army anxious to have 



122 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

done with the enterprise, and obliged the 
king and the duke to quit Spain. 

Peace. — The king of Castile proposed to 
the duke articles of peace, which were ac- 
cepted. One of them was, that 1). Henry, 
son of the king, should marry D.Catharine 
daughter of the duke. The king of Portugal 
approved of this agreement. The duke of 
Lancaster retired to his country. The war 
continued till the year 1403, in which a 
perpetual peace was agreed to, when D. 
John II reigned under theregence of Ca- 
tharine his mother, wife to Henry III and 
daughter-in-law to John I, both already 
deceased. 

Capture rfCeula. — The war against Cas- 
tile being over, the infants wished [to per- 
form heroic atchievements so as to merit the 
honour of being knighted. They requested 
to be employed for that purpose in an expe- 
dition against some foreign power, and 
chose the place of Ceuta. The king was 
much pleased at the desire his sons ex- 
pressed to deserve previously such marks of 
distinction; and approved of their scheme. 

The day of the departure approached, 
when suddenly the plague began to rage 



D.JOHN I. - 123 

in the capital with great fury : the queen 
became infected, andafter a few days died. 
On this distressing event, the people en- 
deavoured to persuade the king to aban- 
don the enterprise , representing the 
queen's death as an ill-omen ; but D. 
John was too fixed in his resolution to 
be easily tempted to give it up, and in- 
stead of so doing, he pressed even one 
to expediate the preparations. 

The fleet set sail, and anchored in the 
roadsted of Ceuta. This place was com- 
manded by Salabensala. At first landed 
the infants Henry and Edward, and even 
on the shore a dreadful carnage com- 
menced. The infidels fought daringly in 
the defence of their country andaikoran: 
the valour of the portuguese, spured by 
resistance, committed temerities; and the 
shore was already covered with slain. The 
saracens were continually relieved by the 
troops sent out from the place; but, not- 
withstanding this, they gave ground, and 
the christians followed them so closely, 
that the moors had no time to shut the 
gates before their enemies entered. The 
moors took refuie in the castle. D. >1ohn 



124 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUCr. 

determined to assault the castle, and all 
was ready for this; but being informed, 
that the moors had forsaken it, he ordered 
a portuguese flag to be hoisted up. 

The following day, the principal mos- 
que having been converted into a church, 
the king, his sons and all the nobility, 
having heard mass in order to thank 
Heaven for the favourable issue of the 
expedition, proceeded to the ceremonies 
of knighting the princes. This ceremony 
being ended, the valiant count of AIcou- 
tim, D. Peter de Menezes, was appointed 
governor, and they came home. 

The celebrity of the victory, the Por- 
tuguese had just obtained, filled Africa 
with terror, Europe with astonishment, 
and made a sreat bustle all over the world 
(1415). 

Dcscpudencp of D John ] — D. John had 
by Philippa, daughter of the duke of Lan- 
caster : 

D. Edward, successor to liis father, y*w 
born at Viseo in 13 S I . 

D. Henry, duke of Viseo, grand-mas- 
ter of the order of Christ, was born at 
Porto. We will separately speak of the 



D. JOHN I. 



123 



'maritime undertakings of this extraordi- 
nary prince. 

D. Peter, duke ofCoimbra, regent du- 
ring the nonage of D. Afonso V, was one 
of the most learned princes of that time. 
He travelled through almost all Europe. 

D. Ferdinand died captive in Barbary 
as we will relate in the next reian. 

D. John, high-constable of Portugal, 
grand-master of the order of S. James, 
married his niece Elizabeth, by whom he 
had D. Brites, who was married to her 
cousin D. Ferdinand, son of the king 
D. Edward. 

D. Elizabeth married Philippe III, du- 
ke of Burgundy and count of Flanders. 
On his wedding day he created the or- 
der of th<* golden fleece. 

Before he married, D. John had by 
Ignez Peres : 

D. Afonso, the first duke of Braganga, 
married, in I iOl , D. Brites, only daughter 
of the constable Pereira. From this mar- 
riage were born : D. Ferdinand, the se- 
cond duke of Braganca, and D. Elizabeth 
wife of his uncle D. John. 

The third duke of Braganga was D. 



126 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

Ferdinand; the fourth, D. Jaime; the 
fifth, D. Theodosius; the sixth, D. John; 
the seventh, D. Theodosius; the eighth, 
D. John, who was D. John IV, king of 
Portugal. 



THE INFANT D. HENRY, 



THE NAViG A I OK, 

Character of D. Henry. — Erection of an 
observatory. — The ancients did not pass 
beyond Bojador. — Discovery of the islands 
Porto Santo, Madeira, Formigas, St. Mary. 
— Passages of the cape Bojador. — Discovery 
of the greater part of Agores. — Naviga- 
tions of Luis de Cadamosto and Antony of 
^ola. — Discoveries from the death of Henry 
io that of Afonso V. 

f^sharactcr of Henry.— The infant D. 
Henry, fond of the mathematical sciences 
reaped from them many fruits. These 
sciences hitherto studied with little ad- 
vantage, because little application was 
made from their theories, were considera- 
bly increased by the sublime intelligen- 
ce of this wise man, who profitably ap- 
plied them to navigation. The compass, 
the astrolabe and other maritime instru- 
ments did in his hands prove very useful. 

The^ solitudes of the ocean were the 
theatre of his scientifical prowesses, of 



128 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

which he wrote a work which time con- 
sumed. 

Henry attentively considered the com- 
mercial advantages arising from the bar- 
tering of commodities, if there was beyond 
the cape Bojador any christian town, or any 
haven, whither it should be possible to sail. 
Henry, desiring to keep in awe the mus- 
sulmans, wanted to be acquainted with 
their forces beyond the cape Bojador, 
which were said to be greater, than it was 
thought ordinarily, and he wished also to 
know, if there was somewhere about any 
christian king, who could assist him against 
them. Finally he desired to introduce in the 
flock of Christ the sheep, that might miss 
through those remote countries. All 
these motives did incite Henry. 

Erection of ait observatory. — In order 
more efficaciously to devote himself to stu- 
dy, and carry his designs into execution, 
Henry quitted the court, and took up his 
residence in Sagres near Cape S. Vincent. 
There he erected an observatory, which 
was the first in Portugal. 

His renown flying everywere, wise 
men of different nations came and assem- 



THE INFANT D- HENRY 



129 



bled in this place, in which a soil of 
academy ^Yas formed. Every thing being 
ready, the intrepid seamen began to run 
along ti e coast of Barbary. In the begin- 
ning, the success did not answer to the 
dangers and expenses; therefore ti e great 
prince struggled against numberless dif- 
ficulties. 

The ancients did no! pass beyond Bojador* 
— The examination of the documents, 
which antiquity transmitted us, s' ows 
clearly, that the ancients did not pass the 
cape Bojadoron the west coast of \frica; 
although Campomanes, Montesquieu, Ge- 
belin, Goes, S ockler, and many other*, 
extend much further the limits of the an- 
cient geography of tiis part of the world ; 
most of these writers even think Africa 
was circumnavigated in very remote times. 
The chief documents, which we refer our- 
selves to, are the periples of Hannon, 
Scjlax and Polybius, the tables of Ptole- 
my, the voyage of ihe phenicians, related 
by Herodotus, and that of Eudoxus de- 
scribed by Pomponius Mela and Plinius, 
The bounds of this book da not bear the 



9 



130 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG 

examination of these documents. We will 
add only: 

If tht j se navigations bad taken place, 
Strabo might consider them as fabulous? 
Scylax might affirm the coast beyond 
Cerne (a little island near the coast of 
Morocco) to have not yet been visi f ed, 
and the sea to be innavigable? Aristotle 
and fiinius might believe the two tem- 
perate zones not to join? Ptolemy might 
be persuaded, t at Africa was a continent, 
which extended i'self southwards, and con- 
tinued to widen ? Polyl ius might determi- 
ne, if Africa was, or not, a peninsula? 
Might the general opinion I e,tha f the tor- 
rid zone was uninhabitable? Might the 
idea prevail that the Atlantic and Indian 
ocean were disjoined? And lastly, might 
the opinion of the ancients be so erroneous 
respecting the extent and figure of the vast 
peninsula of Africa? 

Discovery of the islands Porto *S'mto. Ma- 
deira, Formigas, St. Mary. — In the year 
1412, or perhaps before, the portuguese 
navigators began to s'eer along the coast 
of Africa beyond the cape Nao, in order to 
double theBojador. John Gongalves Zarco 



iai 



and TnsrEo Vaz Teixeira offer themsel- 
ves for this purpose. The portuguese sai- 
lors did not yet stand o;f the coast of Afri- 
ca, when they experienced so dreadful e 
gale of wind, that they were driven to n 
desert island : and as t ey wefe already 
without hope of preservation, they named 
this island Porto-^anto (saint harbour). 

From Porto-Santo the people saw at a 
great distance a thick impenetrable dark- 
ness, wh ch constantly hung over the sea. 
John Gongalves and Tristao Vaz went on 
board, directed themselves thither, and 
made land. It was an island, covered with 
so dense a wood, that it was impossible 
to go through it. For this reason the island 
was named Madeira (wood) (1420?) 

Goncalo VelhoCabral discovered some 
small islands, which he called Forraigas 
(ants) (14U). 

The ensuitig year Cabral sailed to the 
same place, and discovered an island, 
which he called S.Mary, for having seen 
it on assumption day. S. Mary was the 
first island discovered in the archipelago 
of A cores. These islands were so £fUed 

9* 



134 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG, 

from the great number of hawks, which 
the .first discoverers saw here. 

Passage of (he cap? B jador. — The 
effortsof Gil Annes did double the Rojador 
(1434?). Gil Annes went further towards 
the south, and cast anchor on a desert 
coast, whence he came back to Sagres. 
The infant was overjoyed, having at iength 
obtained that which he had so long and so 
ardently desired. This exploit of Gil An- 
nes was then compared to any of the 
herculean labours, 

Discovery of the greater part of Azores, 
— ft slave, ascending a mountain in the 
island of St. Mary, saw an other island, 
and imparted this to his master. He wrote 
to the infant, who upon the spot ordered 
Gon$alo Velho to go in quest of that is- 
landc And as he reached it on the eighth of 
may, the day of the apparition of the 
archangel St. Michael, called itS. Michael. 

The island Terceira, before called Je- 
sus Christ, received that name, because 
it was the third, the portuguese discover- 
ed in this archipelago. 

The islands S. George, Graciosa (gra- 
ceful), Fayal (a place abundant in beech- 



THE INFANT D. HENRY. 



trees), and Pico (top of a mountain), 
in consequence of their proximity, were 
probably discovered in the same year 
(1450?). The first was so called, becau- 
se it was seen on the twenty-third of 
april: the second on account of its plea- 
sant aspect: the third on account of the 
great quantity of beech: the fourth, be- 
cause a high vulcanic mountain occupies 
with its base almost the whole island. 

Flores (flowers) and Corvo (crow), in 
virtue of their nearness, were also pro- 
bably discovered in the same year, and 
perhaps soon after the preceding. 

Navigation of Luis dp Cadomosto and 
Antony <lc N<>la — Diniz Fernandas reach- 
ed the river Senegal, so called from the 
name of a petty king, who inhabited \U 
banks: and passiug beyond, he turned a 
great promontory covered with green : 
for that cause, he called it cape Verde 
(green) (IfWr), 

The venitian Luis de Cadamosto and 
the genoese Antony de No!a discovered 
the river Gambia. They sailed a league 
on the river, combattsd against the ne- 
groes and set out for Portugal The fel- 



134 A 3ft I DG EMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POETU&, 

lowing year, Cadamosto and No!a de- 
parted again to finish the discovery of the 
Gambia; but having doubled the cape 
Branco (white), a tempest overtook them 
and obliged them to to-and-again ply for 
a While, in the mean time they discover- 
ed from afar an island, reached it, and 
ordered twelve armed men to ascend a 
high mountain, to observe whether there 
were some others; and, effectually, two 
others were observed. Therefore, the for- 
mer was called Boavisfa (good sight), the 
latter St. Thiago (James) and Maio (may). 
They continued their voyage, and enter- 
ed the Gambia. 

After this, they steered their course 
southwards, and discovered a river, called 
Casamansa, a name of a petty king, who 
dwelt on its banks. Going further, they 
discovered the cape Vermel ho (red), after- 
wards the river of St. Anne and that of 
St. Domingos (Cacheo). Proceeding still 
further, they arrived at the mouth of a 
broad river, which they named Grande 
(great), and, in the south, furled the sails, 
Fr*>m hence they returned to Europe, 



THE INFANT D. HENRY. 



135 



after having seen the archipelago of BiV 
sag6s in the same height of the ri ver, 

Discoveries from the death of Hmry to 
that of A f onto V. — D. Henry died in 
1 i60 ; but the desire of the discoveries 
did not decay. 

Peter de Cintra and Sueiro da Costa 
passed beyond the river Grande, disco- 
vered Serra Leoa, and turned the capes 
Tagrin and Mesurado. 

FernSo do P6 discovered the island of 
fais name. 

Lopo Gongalves doubled the cape of 
his name. 

Sequeira reached the cape ef St. Ca- 
tharine. 



IX EDWARD, 



(U33— . J438). 

Character of D. Edward, — Mental law. 
— Unfortunate expedition against Tanger.— - 
Cortes of Leiria. — Captivity of Ihe ipfant 
D. Ferdinand. — Plague. — Descendence of 
D, Edward. 



^yhararter of D. Edward. — When D. 
John I died, Portugal enjoyed a pro- 
found peace and a great prosperity. These 
advantages arose from the wisdom t>f the 
government and the national activity. 
The people were full of courage and ar- 
dour for orpeat undertakings, and seemed 
to direct themselves to a still more happy 
future; for the character of D. Edward 
gave to entretain the best hopes. 

B. fcdward. was endowed with a sound 



D. EDWARD. 



137 



learning, which might form an accomplish- 
ed king. From his earliest youth he 
plainly shewed to possess abilities to un- 
derstand the principles of the most lofty 
sciences, w r hich he looked upon as a true 
philosopher, cultivating them, and protec- 
ting those who entered into their study, 
D, Edward was so given to learning, that 
he passed in study many successive hours. 
He much rejoiced in the company of men 
of letters. His generosity attracted to his 
court several wise men from different parts 
of Europe. An incontestable proof of his 
esteem towards sciences and literature is 
the great number of works he wrote upon 
different subjects. It seems, that D. 
Edward, foreseeing the short time he had 
to act as a king, wished to lengthen his 
mSuence, by means of his writings, after 
his death. 

His natural eloquence was perfected by 
study, so that, giving his opinion, all the 
auditory followed it. 

Edward was the first portuguese king, 
who ordered the chronicles of his prede- 
cessors to be written, trus ing with this 
very important charge the great Fern3o 



! 38 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTTJG . 

Lopes, FernSo Lopes issurnamed the pa- 
triarch of the poriuguese history. 

I). Edward was a wise legislator; he 
published general and uniform laws, de- 
termine! the quality and valour of money. 
During his reign of five years, thecortes 
met four times. 

D. Edward, a very great zealot of reli- 
gion, desired that priests would iead a life, 
which might deserve to be proposed to 
imitation, and severely punished those 
who did not fulfil their duties. 

Benevolent in the utmost degree to- 
wards others, full of love to his brothers, 
passionately fond of his wife, just to 
every one, always occupied in supporting 
equality, so much loved the truth, that 
in his reign a the word of iwn » was ad- 
opted as a proverb to express the greatest 
trust. 

Finally he took as emblem a snake 
wriggled on a spear in the manner as the 
caduceus, with this phrase mlbco il thta? 
pore : » the spear signifying war, and the 
snake the prudence with which it outfit 
to be broken. 

De Edward, well skilled in the art of 



D, EDWARD. 139 

riding, tamed and broke in J any horse 
very knowingly. He mounted on horse- 
back without bit nor saddle, and at ease 
made the horse to stop in the middle of 
its career, lie wrote an art of horseman- 
ship. 

In the management of the sword and 
spear, he always surpassed his adversa- 
ries, moving himself so nimbly, that he 
avoided every blow. 

Edward, endowed with so egregious 
qualities, which promised a reign full of 
prosperity, occupied the throne scarcely 
five years; and during this short time, 
Portugal experienced but misfortunes. 

M'ntil law. — When the war against 
Castile became less active, 0. John I, 
seeing the finances very damnified, both 
by the excessive liberalities of I). Ferdi- 
nand, and by his own, which circumstan- 
ces had obliged him to do, desired to im- 
pede this inconvenience. For this it was 
chiefly necessary to promote through 
mild means the reversion of the proper- 
ty of the crown to the crown itself. 

In order to aim at this end, John das 
Regras projected a la w ; in virtue of which 



1 



140 ABRIDGEMENT OF TH£HI c IORY OF PORTCG. 

daughters could not enjoy the property 
of the crown their fathers had possessed, 
unless by permission from the king. Thia 
Jaw, always kept according to the advi- 
ce of the orator, was called mental, for 
not having been written in the time of 
its legislator. I). Edward published it in 
1434 with some additions and explana- 
tions. 

Unfortunate expedition against Tanger. 
— The infants Ferdinand and Henry, 
thirsting for glory, proposed to the mo- 
narch the capture of Ceuta; and in spite 
of the great opposition of their brothers, 
succeeded in bringing him to yield to their 
views. Every thing bsing ready for sea, 
the portuguese departed, and arrived in 
sight of Tanger. The portuguese being 
resolved to take the town by storm, lad- 
ders were applied to t ;e walls, but they 
were found to be too little, so that the 
troops had to retreat, after losing a num- 
ber of men. 

The siege had already lasted ten days, 
when a moorish army arrived to relieve 
the place. The great disparity of num- 
bers did not in the least iiitimidate the 



D. EDWARD. 



141 



Portuguese, who only demanded to be led 
on to engage them. Accordingly Henry 
offered thsin battle, in which the chris- 
tians, performing wonders, drove away 
the mahometans. 

Henry ordered a second assault on the 
town, but the garrison defended it so 
well, that the besiegers were forced to 
retire to their camp. The next day, the 
mountains, as far as the eye could reach, 
appeared covered with enemies. The in- 
fants resolved to lay athwart the sara- 
cens, and effect their reembarcation, The 
saracens, faoT/ever.did not consent to the 
departure of theportuguese, but on con- 
dition that Ceuta should be restored to 
them, The portuguese accepted this pro- 
posaU and delivered to the moors the in- 
fant D. Ferdinand as a guarantee for the 
fulBlment of this treaty (1437). 

Cortes of Leiria. — On hearing of the 
disasters experienced by the portuguese 
in Tanger, the sadness was general. The 
great ones, who had approved of the ex- 
pedition, seeing realized their ominous 
prognostics ; increased the mourning , 
saying that they were right, when they 



142 ABRIDGEMENT Or THE HISTORY OF Po&lUS 

disapproved of the enterprize. Nothing 
could allay the heart of the king, who 
was obliged, either to deliver to the Sa- 
racens the very important place ofCeuta, 
the key of the whole of Africa and Spain, 
or to lose a brother, for whom he bore 
the sincerest affection. 

The cortes being held, the pact made 
with the infidels was submitted to dis- 
cussion, and the house with this was in 
an uproar: the one said that Ceuta ought 
without delay to be delivered to the moors, 
the others supported that so important 
a place ou^htnot by any means to be de- 
livered. This last opinion prevailed. 

Captivity of the infant D Ferdi iand. — 
The moors, perceiving, that the Portugue- 
se were not inclined to fulfil the treaty, 
removed D. Ferdinand to Fez amidst sar- 
casms. Lazaraque, governor of Fez, orde- 
red the infant to feed and curry the hor- 
ses of the king, and to di 2f in hiskitcher- 
gardens. The daily works being conclu- 
ded, he was confined in a prison, where-* 
in he found for his bedding but sheep 
skins. He was nourished with nothing 
but bread and water. Some time after, 



D - EDWARD. 



143 



Lazaraque ordered him to be thrown into 
a filthy dungeon, where he Yet lived 
about a year and a half (1 V f i 3). After 
the death of D. Ferdinand, Lazaraque 
used to say:« If among the christians 
there could be some good, he would be 
a great Saint, if he knew our prophet » 
D. Afonso V ransomed his bones. 
Piaqu?. — The pi a ue had by this ti- 
me spread almost over the whole of Por- 
tugal ; and the king wandered from pla- 
ce to place, to avoid that disease, and to 
comfort the people by his presence: but 
at Thomar he was a victim of it. 

Drscendenc" of D. Edward. — D« 
Edward had by 0. Eleanor, daughter of 
D. Ferdinand I of Arragon : 

D. Afonso V, successor to the throne, 
who was born at Cintra in 1 132. 

D. Ferdinand, duke of Viseo, who 
married his cousin D. Brites, by whom 
he had the king D. Manoel, D. James, 
D. Fleanor wife of D. John II, and D. 
Elizabeth, wife of the third duke ofBra- 
ganga, I). Ferdinand II. 

D. Eleanor, married to Frederic II I s 
eraperor of Germany. 



144 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORT UG. 

D. Johanne, married to Henry IV of 
Castile, who had an only daug ter, named 
Johanne, known in history by the name 
of excellente senhora. 



D. AFONSO V f 



THE AFRICAN, 



(1438— 1481). 



Character of D. Afonso V. — Legislation. 
— Regency of the infant D. Peter. — The 
duke ofBraganga endeavoured to ruin the 
infant D. Peter.— BattJ9 of Ajfarrobeira. — 
Capture of Alcaeer Sesruer. — Capture of Ar- 
zilla and Tanger. — War against Castile. — 
Going of Afonso to France. — Peace. — Des- 
cendence of D. Afonso V. 



x^yharacter of D. Afonso V. — Afonso V 
was seven years of age at the time of his 
father's death. The hands of the son D. 
Edward were, therefore, very feeble to 
undertake the reins of the government ; 
on which account, the queen Eleanor and 
the infant Peter sustained them, one af- 
ter another, during i.is minority. Peter 
governed with examplary desinterested- 
ness and the greatest skilfulness- But un~ 




10 



1 46 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PO&TUG-, 

fortunately to him, he experienced the 
most detestable unthankfulness from his 
pupil. Such a stain, which so much blurs 
the character of this monarch, can ne- 
ver be washed. But we must remember, 
that his few years and the flatteries of his 
courtiers contributed much to this. 

From a child, A fonso clearly showed 
the love and attention, with which he 
gave himselfover to literature and scien- 
ces. He diverted himself to translate the 
latin authors, and also wrote upon the 
military art and astronomy. He was the 
first portuguese monarch, who had ia 
the palace a rich library. When FernSo 
Lopes resigned his charge of chronicler* 
he immediately chose for his place Gomes 
Eannes de Azurara, to the end that the 
hurtful effects, owning to this vacancy, 
should not be suffered. 

Afonso had so much trust in his learn- 
ing, that he difficultly followed the ad- 
vice of others, when this advice was con- 
trary to his desire. Afonso did not pos- 
sess enough strength of will to direct 
himself firmly in the affairs of govern- 
ment. The virtues* which rendered him 



D. AFOXSOV 



-147 



worthy of esteem in private life, being 
excessive, produced a very different effect 
in a prince seated upon the throne, and 
often were pernicious to him and to the 
country. 

Afonso, generous to prodigality, dis- 
tributed, oft-times without sufficient 
motives and without rewarding services, 
the property and treasures of the crown, 
seeing in these recourses but a wish to 
satisfy his propension to profusion, and 
without regarding the limits, imposed 
tohimbv his dutv towards th*- throne and 
the country. 

Two objects chiefly attracted a long 
while the attention of Afonso, namely, 
the crown of Castile an i the dominion of 
the place of the moorish Africa. He ap- 
plied his whole energy to the realization 
of these two schemes. Lastly, if the state 
of the kingdom was not bad, notwith- 
standing so great losses abroad, and so 
many dissipations at home, this is a proof 
of the considerable recourses of the na- 
tion, her scanty necessities, and her com- 
mercial relations, which caused the riches 

10. 



148 .ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

of the foreign country to come hither in 
great quantity. 

Providence, watching Portugal, gave a 
John If as successor to Afonso. Indeed, 
this transition was rapid and violent. 

Legislation. — At the instigation of the 
regent, a general collection of laws was 
made. For a long time they felt the want 
of a well disposed collection of the laws 
still in force, and chiefly that of a greater 
unity and harmony in the legislation, 
Since Afonso II, who made the first ge- 
neral laws, the portuguese monarch pu- 
blished such numerous ones and so dif- 
ferent, that it would be difficult to nu- 
merate them. 

During two centuries little more or 
less, many laws grew old out of use, 
many regulations and decisions of the 
preceding cortes were altered in following 
assemblies. This gave rise to continual 
doubts and endless debates, great confu- 
sions to the judges, and great difficulties 
to give any sentence: it was a vast field 
to arbitrary and intrigues. 

During the reign of D. Afonso V, 
the cortes met twenty two times, and 



D. AFOixSQ V. 



149 



always important subjets were discus- 
sed. At the first it was agreed to call 
them every year. 

Regence oj the infant D. Peter,— 
Queen hieanor beins displaced from the 
regence, the infant Peter, uncle of the 
monarch, arrogated this dignity. Peter 
governed so discreetly, that the people, 
transported with joy by his judicious ad- 
ministration, asked to erect him a statue, 
to be an indelible monument of popular 
acknowledgement. The regent thanked 
them for their inclination towards him : 
«but lean not consent— said he — a sta- 
tue to be erected to me, to be thrown 
down and trodden under foot in a short 
time. » 

The queen continued to reside a f 
Alemquer, where she put in practice 
every means to regain the authority, which 
she had been deprived of. Many towns 
flew to arms in her favour. A civil war, 
therefore, broke out. In spite cf tile id* 
verti amto atS of the duke c: Coimbra, the. 
queen prosecuted her designs of war, and 
he at the head of an army marched up- 
on Grato to besiege this town, —hither 



ISO ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTOBY OF PORTUG, 

the queen had gone. But she foresaw the 
unlucky result of her attempt, and went 
off to Castile. 

As soon as the royal pupil became thir- 
teen years of age, the regent delivered to 
him the reins of government (li-46). 
This same year, the ceremonies of the 
marriage of the king to D. Elizabeth, dau- 
ghter of the regent, took place. 

The duke of Braganga endeavoured to 
ruin the infant D. Peter. — The king had 
no sooner assumed the reins of govern- 
ment, than the infant D. Afonso endea- 
voured to stigmatize his brother as the 
betrayer of his country, saying to the king : 
«D. Peter, during his regentship, was a 
double dealer. His views were to se- 
cure to himself the sole authority, and if 
he did not succeed in this, at least he 
used every knavery. He poisened your mo- 
ther, as he had already done to your fa- 
ther. Against your life he attempted of- 
ten, but gracious Heaven frustrated his 
perverse designs.)) The king, through the 
intrigues of the duke of Braganga, be- 
gan to entertain the utmost detestation 
towards his father-in-law, and resolved 



D. AFONSO V. 



181 



to take him away from his side. D. Pe- 
ter, sensible of this, quitted the court, and 
retired to Coimbra. 

The hatred of the king for his father- 
in-law was daily augmenting, and the king 
declared him a rebel and traitor to hi* 
country- The earl of Abranches, Alvaro 
Gongalves, advised D. Peter to go to the 
court, to throw himself at the feet of the 
king, and represent to him the malevo- 
lence of his enemies ; but to go well at- 
tended, not to expose himself to their 
wrongs, because they were perhaps re- 
solved to consent to no justification. Pe- 
ter embraced this counsel, and prepared 
himself to depart. 

Battle of Aifarro 7 eira. — Peter depar- 
ted to Lisbon, attended by the earS of 
Abranche$ and a little army, aod took up 
his position on the banks of the rivulet 
Alfarrobeira. The king, to whom Afon- 
so of Braganga said, that the duke of Coim- 
bra came to usurp his crown, went to 
meet him with a powerful army. The at- 
tack now commenced with fury, and al- 
though the duke's araiy defended them- 
selves with the utmost valour, they were- 



1 52 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

lastly overpowered by the numbers of 
their enemies. D. Peter fought very bra- 
vely, getting through the ranks of his ad- 
versaries with his sword drawn, till at 
length, covered with wounds, resigned 
his breath (1**9)- Thus tragically died 
the infant 13. Peter, almost by the hands 
of those who were most obliged to him, 
viz, Afonso his son-in-law, on account of 
the go )d administration of the kingdom 
during his minority, and Afonso his bro- 
ther, for having been made duke ofBra- 
ganga by him. 

D.Peter being dead, the count of Abran- 
ches, his .faithful friend, continued the 
engagement with unremitted fury. Al- 
varo de Almada broke through the ene- 
mies, destroying every thing that came 
in his way, till he expired. The troops 
of 1). Pe:er were totally routed, and his 
body was not buried by the king's ord^r, 
and remained three days on the field of 
ba tie. Finally some countrymen buried 
the body of this great man in the church 
of Alverca. 

Some time after, Afonso V discovered 
his own error, and the falsehood, which 



d. afonso v. • 153 

the duke of Braganga had accused D. Pe-* 
ter with, and ordered his remains to be 
with great funeral-pomp conveyed to the 
monastery of Batalha. 

Capture of Alcacer Segu r. Capture of 
Arzilla and Tangcr. — Afonso V, enticed 
by the unhappy enterprize of his uncles 
Henry and Ferdinand in the late reign, un- 
dertook an expedition against Africa. This 
expedition was under way, and saw the 
african shores, covered with armed men 
to opose their landing; but the Portugue- 
se got on shore, and carried before them 
the moors, till these entered the place of 
Alcacer Seguer. The portusuese applied 
ladders to the walls, and climed up with 
intrepidity. It was not inferior the intre- 
pidity of the raussulmans, who put them 
back with great loss of the portuguese, 
At midnight, the force of the assault yet 
lasted. The infidels then asked capitula- 
tion. Afonso ordered them to evacuate 
the place, which they commenced at the 
dawn of day, and at noon there was no 
mahometan in the streets, Afonso chose 
for commander of this place, D. Edward 



•ft % 



154 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG . 

de Menezes, son of the famous Peter de 
Menezes, and returned home (f 457). 

D. Afonso once more directed himself 
to Africa, in order to take the place of 
Arzilla. Much blood was spilt on both 
aides, but the portuguese carried their 
point. The mussulmans sought refuge in 
the mosque and the fortress. The sara- 
cens of the mosque were resolved to sell 
very dear their lives and fought hopeless- 
ly. Here died the valiant count of Ma- 
rialva D. John Coutinho. The mosque 
being taken, the portuguese fell upon the 
fortress, where there was a dreadful 
slaughter. The greatest part of the ma- 
hometan nobility had taken refuge here, 
and desperately defended themselves. The 
ground of the fortress was covered with 
dead, both portuguese and mahometan. 
Finally the fortress was taken.. 

The place being taken, Afonso, attend- 
ed by the prince D.John, direc ed him- 
self to the mosque, where lay the corpse of 
the count of Marialva ; and before him he 
addressed his son : » Would to God, that 
thou may st be so good a knight as he v ho 
here lies » and e v en on th s occasion be 



Li. AFONSO V. 



IBS 



knighted hira. These ceremonies being 
made up, and the principal mosque being 
converted into a church, Henry de Me- 
nezes, son of Edward de Menezes, was 
appointed governor of Arzilla. 

The taking of Tanger was a result of 
that of Arzilla. The inhabitants of Tanger 
were so much terrified on hearing of the 
successes of Afonso, that they abandoned 
the town; of which the portuguese took ad- 
vantage, and seized on the deserted city. 
Afonso returned to Portugal, after appoint- 
ing governor of the place Rui de Mello. 

War against Gasnle. — They had con- 
tracted the marriage of the castilian prin- 
cess, D.Johanne, to the portuguese mo- 
narch, when Henrv IV of Castile deceased 
(1473). 

Johanne was, however, considered as 
illegitimate; and Ferdinand, king of Arr a- 
gon, who, but a short time before, had 
married Elizabeth sister of Henry, anne- 
xed the sovereignty of Castile to his title. 
Afonso V determined to awe the king of 
Arragon, and laid across the frontier with 
his army. On his arrival at Plaeencia, the 
solemnizing of the spoasals of Afonso and 



156 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG . 

Johaune took place, and both were pro- 
claimed kings of Castile.From Placencia he 
directed himself to the city of Toro. Ferdi- 
nand, aware of all this, strengthened those 
towns, that were of his party, and camped 
in the suburbs of Toro. Here the two ar- 
mies came to an engagement. 

A portuguese named Edward de Almei- 
da signalized himself. The valorous man 
bore the royal standard : losing a hand, he 
seized it with the other; which he also lost: 
and finally seized the standard with his 
arms and teeth, till at length, covered with 
wounds, died as a hero. The enemies, 
flushed with the success, were dragging 
the standard, when Gongalo Pires charged 
them with undauntedness, and seized from 
their hands the royal colours. Many other 
feats of valour were performed mi both si- 
des. 

The victory seemed long undecided, till 
at last the prince John overthrew that 
part of the army, where was Ferdinand. 
The other pari of the portuguese army, 
commanded bj the king himself, was de- 
feated by tha castilian general, Aivaro de 
MendooQa, who did, however, eat dare to 



D. AFG?<SG V. 



157 



attack the victorious prince. On the con- 
trary, the Spaniards were, during the 
whole night, full of fear, and, soon as 
it grew day, fled. In this manner, the 
victory and the overcoming declared them- 
selves on both sides. The whole of this 
day D. John remained as victorious on the 
field of battle (1476). 

Going of D. Afonso to Franc?. — -After 
the battle of Toro, the party of Afonso be- 
gan to grow weak, Afonso did not desist 
from his claims, and, leaving proper gar- 
risons in the places, that yet sided with 
him, returned back to Portugal, determi- 
ned upon going himself to France, to acce- 
lerate the efforts he imagined Luis intend- 
ed to make in his favour. He left the go- 
vernment to the prince D, John, and arri- 
ving at Paris, declared to the most christian 
king the motive of his journey For some 
time Afonso was deceived by his false pro- 
fessions of regard and inclinations to serve 
him. Afonso began to see through the du- 
plicity of Luis, and resolved on quitting 
France unseen and going to Palestine, 
where he desired to put a period to his life, 
fighting the mahometans; but he desist- 



158 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

ed from this voyage, and returned home 
(1477). 

Peace. — During Afonso's stay in Fran- 
ce, the war carried on in those parts of 
Spain, that were still belonging to the par 
fy of Di Johanne. But this party grew 
feeble more and more, what gave rise to 
the treaty of peace, that was celebrated in 
1 478. The principal terms of which where; 
that D. John, son of D Ferdinand and 
D. .Elisabeth, should marry Johanne ; that 
Afonso, the grand-son of the king of Por- 
tugal, should be married to Elizabeth, 
daughter of the king Ferdinand and Eli- 
zabeth ; but that in case the marriage of 
the prince of Castile to D. Johanne did 
not take place, Johanne should be thrown 
into a convent, and farced to take the 
veil. 

Descendence of D. Afonso V. — D. 
Afonso V had by D. Elizabeth: 

D. John, successor to the throne, who 
was born at Lisbon in 1455. 

D. Johaone, nun at the convent of Je- 
sus of Aveiro. 



D. JOHN II, 



THB PBKFBCT PRINCE, 



{ i 48 1 — - 1495), 



Character of D. John II. — Execution of 
the duke of Braganga,— Conspiracy of the 
duke of Viseo.— Building of the castle of S. 
George da Mina. — Discovery of the king- 
doms of Congo and Benin,, — Passage of the 
cape of Good Hope.— Discovery of the East 
ladies by land. — Christopher Columbus ia 
Portugal. — D. John projects to bequeath tha 
crown to his illegitimate son. — Descenden- 
ca of D. Johu, 



K^haracier of D. John IL — We oow 
speak of a king, to whom po terity gave 
the honourable surname of a perfect prin- 
ce, and whose life can be read as a ge- 
neral rule of the art of a king. A poet f 
speaking of D. John II, says, that he had 
taught to the kings of the world the 
art of reigning. In effect, this art was very 
well known by D. John II, upon vt horn 




160 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

the eyes of the whole of Europe were turn- 
el. It was this king, who prepared the 
brilliant reign of his successor. John took in 
his own hands the difficult and dangerous 
management of the government. An english 
gentleman, who had come to Portugal, 
being interrogated by his sovereign upon 
what he had seen the most remarkable 
in Portugal, answered :« The rarest thing 
I sow was a man (alluding to D. John II) 
who comma-ads every one, and is corn- 
saanded by 3 no one. » 

The death of D, Afonso V was more 
mourned by the greater ones than by the 
lesser, because the former received many 
gifts and privileges, the latter received 
little justice : these w 7 ere oppressed by con- 
tinual tributes, that the necessities of war 
obliged to impose. His son, on the contrary, 
king John, was beloved by the common 
sort of people, an 1 abhorred by the gran- 
dees He took as a symbol of his excessive 
love towards his people, a pelican wound- 
ing its breast to nourish its young. 

D. John saw with displeasure the ag- 
grandizement of some families, whose 
riches, vassals, authority and brilliancy, 



JOB** II 411 

would for the future eclipse the royalty. 

Masculine spirit, superior talent and 
firm will, John II was to the civilizatiou 
of Portugal what Luis XI and Richilieu 
were to that of France. The feudalism 
received from his lusty and audacious 
hand I deadly stroke. The iVrm, with 
which he obliged the donee? to pay him 
their allegiance, "was ihe sentence of ex- 
termination pfonounced against the feu- 
dalism. This form is an evident result of 
Ihe deray of high aristocracy and the pre- 
ferment of royally. The signification of 
thst allegiance changes ; it is the remain- 
der of the ancient power of those gre*t 
and haughty lords, who formerly com- 
manded almost exclusively, 

D. John was very given to arms and 
literature, chiefly eloquence and history ; 
to the former as a way to radicate in the 
heart of others the purest truths, to the 
latter as a mistress of life and a mirrour 
of princes. He made a peculiar es'eern 
for men of letters. He invited Angelic Po- 
licial), a ceiebrious philosopher and learn- 
ed man, to write the history of Portugal. 
The king, writing in latin to him, showed 

it 



162 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PGRTUG, 

how much he was versed in the langua- 
ge of VirgiL 

D. John had a great esteem for truth . 
He granted to D. John deMenezes count 
of Tarouca the offices of steward and go- 
vernor of the prince Afonso, because, said 
the king, had always spoken to him tru- 
ly, even displeasing to him. He used to 
send throughout the kingdom persons of 
trust to acquaint him with the prejudi^ 
ces his subjects endured, and the manner 
if) -which his government was valued, 
He always took with him a paper, in 
which be recorded the qualities of the 
citizens employed in public service, and 
q£ those Tfhp proposed themselves to it ; 
and in this T/ay he admitted to public 
QUcfjl but person?, in whom he placed 
much confidence. He distributed very 
y/ise]y the days of the week, and was 
present at all the tribunals, wherein he 
seldom shewed compassion: for this rea- 
son, historians accuse him of too much 
severity* 

He held the cortes three times. 

Notwithstanding, D. John was a- man, 
acid thus he was also spotted by hu- 



ii* JOHN fi. 



163 



man frailty. He committed, indeed, acts* 
which are not possible to excuse. However, 
if we cannot say, that he was set off 
with every kind of virtues, those he pos- 
sessed were enough to extol his name. 

Execution of the duke of Braganea. — 
D. John, on his accession, endeavoured 
to emancipate the mass of the people, from 
that abject state of slavery ttff suffered 
under the overbearing arrogance of the 
nobility. He began by establishing proper 
courts of justice, and reserved to himself 
the issuing of warrants for executing such 
malefactors as deserved death : he also an- 
nulled many privileges hitherto enjoyed 
by the nobles, and reannexed to the 
crown a number of valuable estates, which 
his ancestors had lavished up on un- 
deserving subjects. These measures, as 
may be readily imagined, rendered him 
odious to the nobility. D.Feidinand, duke 
ef firagansa, endeavoured to save his over- 
grown estates by remonstrating with the 
king; but T). John, who wished to be 
thought just, and had resolved on low- 
ering the pride and despotic authority 
exercised bv the nobility over their vas- 

11 * 



164 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

sals, enforced his commands, and concei- 
ved an implacable hatred against the duke. 
Under these impressions, the king only 
waited an opportunity to justify the ar- 
rest of the duke, being fully persuaded 
that his death was necessary for tke 
welfare of the state. 

At length, by accident D. John dis- 
covered, that the duke held a private cor- 
respondence with the king of Castile, and 
his letters were couched in such terms 
a9 to lead him to suspect the fidelity of 
Braganga. The nobles were also ready to 
rebel, and revenge the injuries they had 
experienced. Hoy/ever, the king conceal- 
ed his intentions, and affected to treat the 
duke -with less severity, that fee might 
make more sure of him. D.John "was de- 
sirous to give the duke a fair trial, and 
one day told him, that he was well in- 
formed of his correspondence with Spain ; 
and offered to pardon him upon condi- 
tion of a suitable reformation: but that 
if he knew that he continued to merit 
his displeasure, he would treat him ac- 
cordingly. Braganga, in reply, denied the 
truth- of the accusations, and made the 



D. JOHN II. 



16a 



best excuse he could, But the duke not 
only persevered in his correspondence 
with the king of Castile, but likewise held 
several seditious meetings with his bro- 
thers, while the king had his spies in 
all quarters, who gave him full informa- 
tion of al! these proceedings. 

The duke, who was with the court at 
Evora, received several letters from his 
brothers, warning him of the danger to 
which he was exposed, and he at length 
resolved on retiring : but, to avoid the 
suspicious appearance of a clandestine de- 
parture, he waited on the king to take 
his leave, and in so doing he was imme- 
diately arrested, sent under an escort 
and put into close confinement. 

The duke was soon after tried and sen- 
tenced to be beheaded,, and all his vast 
estates were confiscated* 

The day for the execution being ar- 
rived, the duke appeared on the scaffold 
with the utmost composure D.John had 
directed, that a bell should be tolled at 
the instant of the duke's death. The king 
was in his apartment when the signal was 
heard; upon which he said to those abo;>t 



166 ABRIDGEMENT OF TEE HISTORY OF POftTUt. 

his person: « Let us pray for the soul of 
the duke, who at this moment ceases to 
exist » He then fell on his knees, pray- 
ing aloud and shedding tears* This was 
a gross piece of hypocrisy, or, according 
to others, of great inclination to justice, 
Co isp ravy of (he duke ofViseo.— The 
king had no sooner freed himself from the 
duke ofBraganga, than another conspiracy 
was planned against his life. The duke 
of Viseo, D, James, brother of the queen, 
was highly indignant at the king's con- 
duct towards Braganga, and conceived it 
a point of honour to revenge such an ou- 
trage. 

D. John, being fully informed of all, 
sent to the duke, to speak to him on 
some particular business at Setubah The 
duke obeyed; and as soon as became in- 
to his presence, the king said to him : or My 
cousin, what wouldst thou do to a man, 
who wished to take thy life? » « 1 would 
kill him — - answered the duke. — » « Die 
then — replied the king, stabbing him at 
the same moment — thou hast pronounced 
thine own sentence: » and the duke drop- 
ped lifeless at his feet 



D . JOEtf II. . 167 

. The gates of the town were immedia- 
tely shut, to prevent the promulgation <rf 
the death of the duke ; and by that means* 
most of the accomplices were arrested 
and executed, D. John gave the proper^ 
ty of the duke of Viseo to D. Manoel, with 
the title of duke of Beja, and not of Vi- 
seo, to extinguish entirely his memory 
(1483). 

Many people reproached the king fof 
having blemished his royal majesty, 
acting himself the executioner, and gi- 
ving no time to the duke to justify him- 
self. The king answered, that the securi- 
ty of the throne required all speed, and 
the crime was 'peremptorily proved. Not- 
withstanding -this, we do not consider 
the king free from guilt, after he killed 
his cousin with his own hands. 

Building of the castie of St. George da 
Mina — D. John, willing still further to 
extend the discoveries of the infant D. 
Henry, determined, at first, to erect a 
fortress on the coast of Guinea, for the 
sake of its numerous advantages. He wish- 
ed that this fortress should be the first 
stone of the eastern church he was re- 



168 ABRIDGEMENT OF IH£ HISIOR? OF FO&TUG - 

solved to build; and James de Azambuja 
was chosen for this arduous enterprise. 

Azambuja weighed anchor at Lisbon, 
and cast it on the coast of Mina. He ma- 
de a treaty of peace and commerce with 
the natives, and got permission to con- 
struct a fortress. As the materials went 
already arranged from Europe, within 
twenty days was ierminated the building 
of the castle, which was called St* Geor- 
ge da Mina. Two years and a half after, 
Azambuja returned to Portugal, and D. 
John began to take the title of the lord 
of Guinea (1483). 

Diseovcry of the kingdoms ofGongo and 
Benin — The castle of St. George da Mi- 
na being built, the king became anxious 
to discover India. In 1 485, James Cam 
and JohnAfonso de Aveiro departed from 
Lisbon. 

James Cam doubted the cape of St. Ca- 
tharine, and reached the mouth of a lar- 
ge river, named Zaire. Here he was in- 
formed by the negroes, who lived on its 
banks, that the king of this country did 
not reside at a great distance. Upon the 
spot four portuguese were dispatched to 



Ik JOHK II. 



169 



hun, with order to return within a cer- 
tain term. This term being expired, and 
the four Portuguese not arriving, Cam 
left them there, and brought with him 
four natives, whom he deemed of a high 
rank. Arriving at Portugal he presented 
to the king the four negroes, who said, 
that their country w r as named Congo, and 
related many other things. 

Cam put again to sea with the four 
africans, and, entering the Zaire, dis- 
patched them to the king, informing him, 
that he desired to speak with him in per- 
son. The king of Congo received himw r ith 
all the demonstrations of ov, and there- 
suit of the interview was the conversion 
of that country. At last James Cam took 
leave, and, after sailing along the coast 
io cape Negro (black), came to Porta- 

Afpnso de Aveiro discovered the king- 
dom of Benin, with the king of which, he 
contracted an alliance, and returned home 
with an embassador of Benin; but in this 
country christianism gained little ground. 

Passage of the cape of Good Hope. — 
In l ']8 f v Bartholomew Euas and John 



170 ABPJDGEMEKTQF IHEHI5TOKY05 PORTUfc 

Infant quitted the Tagus. They doubled 
the cape Negro, and steered to the south 
for thirteen days. Beginning to feel great 
cold, they took to the east, because they 
were persuaded that the coast continued 
ta the south : but finding no land at the 
ead of some days, they plied to the north, 
and discovered the river of Infa^e. The 
navigators refused to proceed further 
Bartholomew returned back, and doubled 
a great cape, which, from the boisterous 
weather he had encountered, named it 
cape Tormentoso (cape of tempests V D 
John, who at once perceived the opening 
that this discovery promised to the hi- 
vigation to India, chan ed the name gi- 
ven to the cape by Bartholomew Dias, 
and called it cape of Boa Esperanca (good 
hope). 

Ditcovpry of the Bast hid es by land.— 
Ifl H8T Peter Covilhan and Afcnso de 
Paiva went out from Portugal, and sail- 
ed eastward. They arrived at Cairo, and 
departed from here to Adem, where they 
separated, agreeing that they would re- 
unite at Cairo after a certain time 

7 v:va directed himself tc :.. ind 



D. JOHJ* II. 



m 



reached Abyssinia, the kingdom of the 
Preste John, as it was deemei ; and re- 
turning to Cairo, here died. 

Covilhan embarked in the Red Sea, 
and, sailing to theindian coast, saw Co- 
chim, Cananor, Calicut, Goa; and, reach- 
ing the coast of Africa, saw Mogambi- 
que, Melinde, Quiloa, Sofala ; sailed to 
Adero, and returned to Cairo, where he 
was made acquainted with the death of 
his companion. Hd found here two jews, 
Abraham and Joseph, by whom D John 
sent letters to the explorators, and or- 
dered them not to return home, without 
seeing Ormuz and without having exact 
informations of Preste John. Covilhan 
upon the spot sent to the king the ti* 
dings he had till then received, and de- 
parted with Abraham to Adem. From 
here he directed himself to Ormuz, when- 
ce he dispatched his companion with mo- 
re news to i). John. Coviihan enveighed 
anchor, entered the Red Sea, saw Meca 
and Zeila, in 1490 reached Abyssinia, 
where the king received him in an ami- 
cable manner, and did not consent to his 
departure. 



1 7 2 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORT US. 

Christopher Columbus in Portugal, — 
In 1485 the genoese Christopher Colum- 
bus came to Portugal, and demanded 
from D. John II some ships to discover 
the island Cipangu, mentioned by Marc 
Paul. The king heard with much kind- 
ness the proposal of Columbus, which he 
ordered to be at first discussed by per- 
sons skilled in cosmography; who demand- 
ed from the navigator more circumstan- 
dated informations of his tentative ; and 
as soon as they were received, under- 
hand a ship was sent by them in the di- 
rection indicated by Columbus. But the 
pilot, after a furious tempest, returned 
back. Thegenoese, sensible of this cheat 
stole away frara Portugal, and went to' 
Spain. Here, after encountering many 
difficulties, he obtained the necessary 
equipment, and sailed westward. Redis- 
covered America (1492), and returned 
to report the happy issue of his enter- 
prise : but in his way to Spain, he put 
into the harbour of Lisbon. B, John sent 
for Columbus, who came to his presen- 
ce, and diffusevely related the circum- 
stances of his voyage. 



D. JOHN U 



173 



T.r.e r :e ^coveries ©£ the Spaniards 
alarmed D. John, who there and then 
equipped a fleet to protect his foreign 
possessions. But matters were soon after 
settled by conmnssioners appointed for 
that purpose: on which occasion that ce- 
lebrated treaty was entered into, by 
which Spain and Portugal divided the 
eastern and western worlds between 
themselves. The eastern half of the world 
was allotted to the portuguese, and the 
western for the Spanish navigation, A 
nne from pole to pole, drawn a iran?- 
drecl leagues to the west of Cape Greeu 
Islands, was their boundary; and thus 
each nation had one hundred and eighty 
degrees, within which they might esta- 
blish settlements, and extend their dis- 
coveries. And a papal bull confirmed 
this ■ amicable and extraordinary treaty, 
it is surprising, that such a monopo- 
ly was concluded without any interpo- 
sition from the other powers of Europe* 

D, John projects to bequeath ihe crown 
to his illegitimate son, —The king was 
for a considerable time absorbed in grief 
for the loss of his only legitimate son . 



114 ABHiLGEMEST OF THE HISTORY Of PORTUC- 

but recovering after some time, he turn- 
ed his thoughts on securing the inheri- 
tance of the crown to George his na- 
tural child, to the prejudice of D. Ma- 
noel, duke of Beja, who was the nearest 
legal heir. He first obtained for hira 
the grand-masters' ips of the orders 
of Avis and of St. James; and then 
applied to the pope to qualify hira 
to succeed to the throne: tut this wa* 
refused through the private interferen- 
ce of the court of Spain, John, being 
unable to carry his point, made a vir- 
tue of necessity, and consented to de- 
clare the duke of Beja heir to the crown, 

Descendence of J). John If, — By the 
queen D, Elizabeth his cousin, D. John 
bad the prince D. Afonso. * 

Out of the marriage he had by D. 
Anne de Mendon^a the infant D. GeoTge 
duke of Coimbra. 



D. MANGEL, 



THE FORTUNATE, 



(1495— 



Character of D. Maaoel. — Expulsion of 
jews and moors. — Tamult at Lisbon.— Dis- 
covery of Ibe East Indies. — Reflections 
apoa the discovery of the Indies. — Voyage 
of Cabral ; discovery of the Brazils. — Was 
against Samorim* — Tice-reign of D, Fran- 
sis de Almeida. -—Governraent of Afonso de 
Albncperque. — Discovery of Chinas—Na- 
vigation of Pernio ds Macalh59s — Occur- 
rences of Africa,— Navigations ofCortereaes. 
— Descendence of D, Manoel, 



karacier ofD Manuel. — D, Manoel, 
who was not born for the throne, show- 
ed, being yet very young, that the wouid 
knoT/ hovf to manage the sceptre, if 
fortune gave it to him some day or 
other. Much applied to study, and very 
affectionate to man of talent and erudi- 
tion, he talked with them familiarly. 
When he dined, many learned persons 




178 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POBTUG . 

were present, who had travelled, and 
with whom he discoursed upon several 
subjects. 

Admirer of the prowesses of his pre- 
decessors, he read continually their his- 
tory. He ordered DuarteGalvao and Rui 
de Pina to compose the chronicles of his 
predecessors, and rewarded them in a 
princely manner. He ordered all thelaw9 
of his antecessors to be collected in a 
code, "which is called manoelino. 

IX Manoel -was a very pious monarch. 
He gave one per cent of his revenues to 
the poor. The many temples, which he 
ordered to be erect, are indelible monu- 
ments of his piety. 

Just by his great qualities Manoel com- 
mitted very reprehensible actions. He 
held the cortes but four times, and with- 
in the first eight yearsofhis reign, so that 
he passed almost twenty years without 
assembling the representatives of the na- 
tion. 

The discovery of the East Indies ren- 
dered the name of Manoel known by all 
the world. Many princes sent out to him 
embassadors, asking his alliance. These 



D» MANOEL. 



-177 



princes were, Francis I king of France, 
Henry VIII king of England, Ferdinand V 
king of Spain, the duke of Austria, the 
republic of Venice, David emperor of 
Ethiopia, and others. 

The discovery of the East Indies gave 
to Portugal so much wealth, that every 
one was satisfied ; that no one was poor ; 
there was no room left for complaints; 
dances and other amusements were seen 
on all sides. At the royal palace there 
were frequent balls, in which young no- 
blemen danced with the ladies of honour, 
and although they might give occasion 
to the purest affections, they had the ca- 
price of giving familiarity but to those who 
had distinguished themselves in war by 
acts of valour. 

Expulsion of jews and moors: — D, Ma- 
noel commenced his reign by a highly 
unpolitical action. Manoel, blindly fond 
of the beauty of the princess Elizabeth, 
widow of prince Afonso, asked her hand 
from the catholic kings. The court of Spain 
gave their refusal, unless the king of Por- 
tugal would consent to banish all the 
moors and jews from his kingdom ; and 

12 



i 7 8 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

a proclamation a few days afterwards ap- 
peared, by which all the jews and moors 
were ordered to quit the kingdom. 

The king had secretly ordered to take 
away all the children of the jews under 
the age of fourteen, that they might be 
educated according to the precepts of the 
church of Rome ; but as the secrecy tran- 
spired, it was requisite toantecipate this 
cruel order. Many jews destroyed their 
children to avoid its effect. The affection 
towards their children caused some of 
them to convert themselves seemingly; 
which gave rise to the difference between 
old and new christians (1496). 

The expulsion of the jews depopulated 
sensibly the kingdom, and deprived it 
of the products of the industry of this 
active and commercial people. 

Tumult at Lisbon. — In the church of 
St. Domingos a great crowd of people 
were adoring the Holy Eucharist; one 
of the visitors believed to see a superna- 
tural brightness in the crystal, which co- 
vered the Crucifix, and began to cry out 
saying it to be a miracle. A new christian 
replied it to be the effect of a reflecting 



D. MANOEL. 



179 



light. Upon the spot a great tumult origi- 
nated: the new christian was pulled out 
of the church, killed, and his bodv 
burnt. The mutiny lasted three days, and 
all the new christians, that fell in the 
power of the mutineers, were murdered. 
The ringleaders v, ere executed (1508), 

Discovery ofih^Ea^l Indies — D.Manoel 
had no sooner held the reins of government, 
than he determined to send out an expe- 
dition in the discovery of the East Indies. 
Vasco da Gama was commissioned ad- 
miral and general. Five months after hi* 
departure, he discovered a bay, which he 
called St. Helen, and ihree days afterwards 
he doubled the cape of Good Hope. 

'Cape Currents being also doubled, he 
reached the mouth of a lanre river: and 
the next morning, a number of boats 
approached the Portuguese, and came on 
board without fear. From one of these 
people, who could speak a little arabic, 

■ Gama learned, that at no great distance, 
was a country, where ships like the Portu- 
guese frequently resorted. This pleasing 
information induced the admiral to name 
the river, Rio dos Bons Signaes (river of 

12* 



188 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PQRTUG . 

good signs). Here his people were attack- 
ed with a violent scurvy, of which 
many died. 

The fleet weighed anchor, and after esca- 
ping the snares of Mozambique and Mom- 
basa, came into the port ofMelinde. The 
king received the portuguese with kind- 
ness, and furnished them with an able 
pilot. The fleet put to sea, and arrived 
at Calicut on the coast of Malabar (1498). 

Vasco da Gama spoke with Samorim; but 
he did not succeed in making with him any 
treaty of commerce, on account of the 
moorish traders, who would not suffer 
the portuguese to come and deprive them 
of the lucrative commerce they made in 
that city. 

On his return to Portugal, it was in- 
expressible the joy, which every one felt, 
again seeing Vasco dajGama, whom they be- 
lieved to have been buried in the waves. In 
memory of this so remarkable an event, 
D. Manoel ordered the monastery of Be- 
lem to be erected on the banks of the Ta- 
gus. 

Reflections upon the discovery of the 
Indies. —The discovery of the Eastlndies, 



U. MANGEL, 



181 



as well as that of the West Indies or 
America, are two events, which power- 
fully contributed to the social transfor- 
mation, that then took place. The sphere 
of activity, wherein nations moved them- 
selves, widened; and their life received 
vigorous impulse. The whole world was, 
as it were, suddenly electrified. Mankind, 
warned by this shock, seemed to cease 
from a lethargical sleep, and find other 
senses in the new paths, which they had 
just followed. Anew intellectual universe 
and a uew material and terrestrial world 
were at once opened for them : their ideas 
take another direction, are increased, 
enriched and perfected. So vast an intel- 
lectual harvest was never offered to the 
happy coveting they have in themselves . 
Ancient mistakes, almost respected as 
holy dogmas, fall before the new facts, 
which belie them. 

The cosmographer received an exten- 
sive knowledge of the habitable pare of 
the earth, a knowledge, which neither 
the greeks nor the romans possessed; he 
knew physically the roundness of the earth 



182 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PQRTUG . 

and the greatness of its superficies, and 
discovered the unity of the ocean. 

The astronomer saw the artic pole to 
be concealed, and the antarctic to appear; 
lie saw the last southern constellations, 
and placed the earth among the planets. 

The sailor went out of the narrow boun- 
daries of the Mediterranean, where he was 
confined many rears after ; and, discover- 
ing wider horizons, he saw his science 
to be quite changed; naval architecture 
advanced, reckonings and heights im- 
proved, sea-charts with the roads more 
properly drawn, methods, instruments of 
navigation, ai d the entire knowledge of the 
sea, perfected. 

The naturalist discovered a wide scope 
for his searchings. In the equatorial re- 
gions, he saw mountains covered with 
plants of a gigantic size and unknown 
appearance. Surrounded thereby colossal 
forms and the majesty of an exotical flora, 
he felt his soul to receive impressions, 
which offer among them a secret snare 
and harmony, and bv the laborious com- 
parison of facts he persuaded himself, that 
an only and indestructible link does chain 



D. MANGEL i 



183 



the whole nature. It is between tropics, 
that the earth's bosom shows all the 
wealth of its forms and the variety of its 
pompous phenomena. In the gigantic 
mountains ofCundinamarca,Peru andQui- 
to, cut bv deep valleys, the naturalist con- 
templated at the same time all the plants 
with their different families. An only view r 
embraces majestic palm-trees, humid fo- 
rests of bambusa, and, above these forms 
of the tropical world, the plants of Europe. 
It is there that the vegetable zones are 
superpoied as in stories. 

The phvsician saw also his science to 
grow rich. Medicine, the science of sci- 
ences, for, facing the genius of evil, rids 
man of the scourges that afflict him, and 
so puts him in a way to study other 
sciences, it visited the regions then dis- 
covered, and there found rich mines, 
containing important treasures, with 
which it eases and comforts humanity on 
the bed- of pain. 

Not onlv sciences did then enlarge 
their bounds, commerce received also a 
wonderful increase. The navigations of 

o 

those times changed the course of the trade 



184 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POR.TUG. 

of precious wares and spiceries of India, 
stopping the monopoly, that enriched the 
mahorae ans and venitians with an enor- 
mous inequality in the mercantile ba- 
lance. 

And not only in sciences and com- 
merce an immense revolution then took 
place. Industry, customs, power of na- 
tions and the government of all people, 
were altered. Not only the arctic coun- 
tries began to consume the productions 
of the equatorial climes, and the cloths 
of the east came to serve for the luxe of the 
inhabitants of the west: other relationship 
and necessities approached men of the 
most distant latitudes ; the industry of the 
north was transported to the south, and 
on every side men made a mutual exchange 
of their opinions, laws, usages, customs, 
disease?, remedies, virtues and vices. 

p r oy<ige of Cabral : discovery pf the 
Brazils. — D. Manoel, encouraged bv the 
successful issue of the naviga ion of Vasco 
da Gama, sent out for the East Indies 
another expedition, commanded by peter 
Alvares Cabral. Cabral, wishing to avoid 
the calms o f Guinea, went so far from 



D. MANOEL. 



. 185 



the coast of Africa, that he discovered 
western lands (1500). 

Cabral set forth along the coast until 
he entered a good harbour, which he 
named Seguro (secure). Seeing much 
familiarity in the natives, he went on 
shore. Cabral gave to this country the 
name of Terra de S. Cruz (land of the 
holy cross) ; which was hereafter called 
Brazils. 

Cabral bent his course towards the 
east. On doubling the cape of Good Hope, 
so violent a storm arose, that the ship, 
in which Bartholomew Dias sailed, foun- 
dered with all the people on-board. Ca- 
bral arrived at Calicut, and arranged with 
Samorira a treaty of friendship and com- 
merce. 

On the return of Peter Alvares to Por- 
tugal, D. Manoel began to call himself, 
lord of the navigation, conquests, and tra- 
de, of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and In- 
dia. 

War against Samorim. — In 1803 the 
Portuguese built at Cochin the first 
fortress of theirs in the East Indies. Samo- 
rira w ished revenge himself upon the per- 



i 86 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

tuguese. He raised a very powerful ar- 
my, and invested the city of Cochin. But 
PachecoPereira, atthe head of three hun- 
dred malabares , made so terrible a 
slaughter amongst the forces ofSamorim, 
that he retired hopelessly to his kingdom. 

When the great Pacheco returned 
home, his extraordinary services were 
rewarded with the command of S. George 
da Mina, that was a source of wealth for 
its governors. But envy framed to him 
an unlucky end, though common to great 
men. He was brought home laden with 
irons, and thus thrown into a dark dun- 
geon ! At length he was indeed set at 
liberty, but he died at an hospital, full 
of misery and sorrow. This was one of 
the greatest blots, which blemishes the 
rei°;n of D. Manoel. 

Vice ieign of I), Franch ds Almeida — 
When D. Manoel saw the venitian com- 
monwealth, the sultan of Egypt, and the 
kings of Calicut and Cambay, to confedera- 
te among themselves with the design of 
expulsing the portuzuese from the East In- 
dies, he sent there with the vice-roy's title 
the experienced Francis de Almeida, who 



13. MANOEL. 



187 



defeated by his valour and dexterity the 
confederated navies (1508). 

Government of Afonso de Albuquerque. 
— To the vice-roy D. Francis de Almei- 
da succeeded the governor Afonso de 
Albuquerque, who conquered the three 
renowned cities, Ormuz, Goa and Malacca. 
These victories produced so great an echo 
on this side and on the other of Ganges, 
that the greatest of the asiatic princes 
sent their ambassadors to Albuquerque 
to offer vasselageto the king of Portugal, 
with magnificent gifts and permission to 
build cas les in their sta:es, which he 
began without delay. 

Whether fortune showed itself to Afon- 
so with so smiling an aspect in Asia, in Eu- 
rope envy and malevolence united against 
the zeal, which he exercised the functions 
of his ministry with. The slanderers mur- 
mured that Afonso coveted to be kingia 
the Indies. These words produced a cer- 
tain impression upon D. Manoel, but he 
trusted much the desinterestedness, with 
which he had always served him. In the 
mean time D. Manoel received a letter 
from the governor, who asked to be 



188 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY Of PORTUG. 

rewarded with the title of duke of Goa v 
where he wished to pass in his service 
the rest of his life. This letter fixed 
deeply the impression, that the slanders 
had engendered on the king, who, without 
delay neither examination, caused him 
to be called, aad substituted by Lopo 
Soares de Albergaria. Acquainted with 
the arrival of Lopo Soares, he could not 
fail from exclaiming :« Good God, men 
become my enemies for the king's 
sake, the king become my enemy for men's 
sake! » And a few days after he died 
(1515). 

Discovery of China* — After the takiag 
of Malacca, IK Maiioel was acquainted with 
the existence of the very vast empire of 
China ; and foreseeing the utility, which 
commerce might receive from her dis- 
covery, he sent for this purpose FernSo de 
Andrade, who cast anchor in Tamou in 
1518. Thomas Pires w r as dispatched as 
ambassador to- the emperor, aad Fernao 
went away. 

The next year, Simon de Andrade cast 
anchor in famou, and as if he were the 
master of the island, he built without 



D. MAv^OEL. 189 

delay a castle to guarantee his trade against 
any obstacle, and in a little island, that 
was over-against, he erected a gibbet, 
on which he ordered a criminal to be 
hanged, to frighten toe natives, These 
tidings soon arrived to the emperor of 
China; and as Thomas Pire3 entered then 
Pekin, the emperor condemned him and 
his companions to be thrown into the 
prisons of Canton; but the governor of 
Tamou ordered them to die. Neverthe- 
less the anger of the Chinese against the 
Portuguese abated in tract of time, and 
they were permitted to trade in some 
ports, as Sancian, Macao and others. 

Navigation of Fernao de Magalkaes. — 
FernSo de Magalhaes was a brave milita- 
ry man of the school of the great Albuquer- 
que, under whose banners he had conducted 
himself as a hero, chiefly in the taking 
of Malacca. Having served with great credit 
in the indian wars, he went out for Africa, 
and at Azaraor served likewise as an in- 
trepid warrior, rendering thus his name 
still more illustrious. But accused of being 
unjust in the distribution of a prey got 
in a certain inroad, ho was obliged to 



190 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OFPORTUG. 

clear himself of this guilt, an 1 could not 
enter again into the favour ofD. Manoel. 
Magalhaes departed for Spain. (1517) 

On his arrival at Spain, he promised to 
Charles V to discover anew passage to the 
East Indies, and set sail from S. Lucarde 
Barrameda in 1519. 

Masaihaes directed himself westward, 
and after sailing as far as the coast of the 
Brazils, sailed southward. He passed the 
river of La Plata, doubled Cap?? Virgin, 
and entered the mouth of a channel. Ma- 
galhaes laid athwart this channel, seeing by 
day much smoke, by night many fires, in the 
south land. For this reason he called this 
land Terra do Fogo (land of fire). This 
channel has ever since born the name of 
Magellanic Streights. 

On going out of the channel, Magalhaes 
directed himself towards the west, dis- 
covered the Isles of Thieves, afterwards 
Philippine Islands, and arrived at Subo. 
Hamabar, king of this island, showed to 
him the greatest kindness, received the 
sacrament of baptism, and implored as- 
sistance against Calpalupo, king of the 
island Mathan. Magalhaes -obtained two 



D. MANOEL. 



: 191 



victories; but was killed in a third fight 
(1521). 

After this, Hamabar himself laid an 
ambush, wherein all the principal captains 
died. A vessel commanded by Sebastian de 
Elcano continued, however, on its course 
towards Spain, coming by the cape of 
Good Hope. 

Thus the roundness of the earth wag 
physically demonstrated for the first time. 

Occurrences of Africa. — D, Manoel was 
so inclined to the conquests of Africa, 
that he said often that they were his own, 
and the others of hi$ subjects. As soon as 
he assumed the reins of government, 
he supplied the african fortresses with 
people and all kind of military stores. 

In 1513, a fleet, commanded by D. 
Jaime, duke of Bragaofa, departed to 
take Azamor. Cide-Mansor, governor of 
this place, w r as oo sooner acquainted with 
the landing of the portuguese, than he 
ordered all the useless mouths to go out 
of Azamor, and prepared himself for the 
strongest resistance. The duke arrived, and 
the assault commenced. Wonders were 
performed on both *ides. But Cide-Mansor 



192 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF FORTH 6 , 

being killed, the garrison, no longer ani- 
mated by his example, and plunged into the 
deepest grief for the loss of their gallant 
commander, abandoned the place. D. Jaime 
appointed ns governor John de Meneies, 
and returned home. 

The capture of Mogador belongs also 
to this reign. 

Navigations of Cortereaes. — Two years 
after that the immortal G^ma had disco- 
vered southwarths a new passage to the 
East Indies, Cortereal undertook to disco- 
ver either a north-east or north-west one. 
In 1500 he set sail, and after a long 
and arduous navigation , saw a coast, 
which he called Terra Verde (green 
land). He went up the river of St. Law- 
rence some leagues, reputing it a chan- 
nel, but perceiving it was not so, came 
back. At last he was prevented by the 
mountains, or rather the islands of ice 
they met with, from proceeding any 
further, and he therefore returned home, 
without being able to accomplish his pur- 
pose. 

Cortereal did not tarry a long time m 
Portugal: he went out to continue his 



D, MANGEL. 



-193 



discoveries; but disappeared there, His 
brother departed to inquire after him, 
and he disappeared also, There remained 
yet another one, who desired to go out in 
quest of his brothers. The king did not 
consent him to his going in person; but 
he sent out for the same purpose two ships, 
which returned without news of the two 
sailors- For this reason, the name ofTer- 
ra Verde, where people thought the two 
brothers lost themselves, was exchanged 
for that of Terra dos Cortereaes (land of 
the brothers Cortereal), which hereafter 
was called Lavrador. 

Within a little time a portuguese co- 
lonv was established in Newfoundland. 
Thenceforwards commenced among the 
Portuguese the Newfoundland fishery, 
which lasted unhappily a short time. 

Descendence of D. Manoel. — D.Manoel 
had by D. Mary : 

D. John, successor to the ciown, was 
born at Lisbon in 1 502. 

D. Henry, cardinal, successor to D. 
Sebastian, was born atAImeirim in 1512. 

D. Luis, duke of Beja, had by Violante 
Gomes D. Antony, prior of Croto. 

13 



1 34 ABRIDGEMENT OF TEE HISTORY OF PORTUG . 

D. Edward, duke of Guimaraes, married 
I>. Elizabeth, daughter to D. Jaime, the 
fourth duke of Braganga. From this mar- 
riage were born, D. Mary, married to 
Alexander Farnesi duke of Parma, and 
mother of Rainuncio; D« Catharine mar- 
ried D* John U the sixth duke of Bra- 
g«m?a, son of the fifth duke D, Theodosius. 

D. Elizabeth, wife of the emperor 
Charles V, mother of Philippe II of Spain, 

D. Brites, married Charles Manoel duke 
of Savoy, mother of Manoel Phiiisbert, 



D. JOHN III, 

THE HODS, 



Hit 



(1521 ~ 1557). 



Character of D. John III. — Literature.— 



siege of Diu. — Discovery of Japan. — The 
second siege of Diu. — Events in Africa. — 
Colonization of the Brazils. — Descendence 
of D. John III. 



x^/ hararUr of D John 111. — The star of 
the political greatness of Portugal, which 
had raised to zenith in the reign of D. 
Manoel, began to decline in that of his son 
D.John III. This declination was an effect 
of the riches of the East Indies, which 
introduced into Portugal luxury and the 
degeneration of customs. The reign of 
Mencel was celebrated by the great con« 
quests and wonderful feats performed 
by the portuguese in the regions of Asia, 
where they acquired an immortal glory; 



Camoes. 



Company of Jesus, — The first 




13 * 



i% ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG . 

but the bright stai% thai had enlightened 
the steps of D. Mancel, began to be eclipsed 
by thick clouds in the reign of his son. 
During the reign of D. John III we will 
see the portuguese valour to shine in those 
remote countries ; but this lustre is, as it 
were, reflected ; the heros, who became 
famous there, did not belong to the school 
of this monarch, but to that of his father. 

D. John III decisively showed his great 
love towards his subjects. When some 
ministers proposed to him the imposition 
of taxes, he used to answer, that they 
Grst would see, if money w as necessary ; 
and if this necessity was verified, he ad- 
vised them to examine, if there were any 
superfluous expenses, 

On another occasion, Charles V pro- 
posed to him the mutual delivery of some 
emigrants, and he answered : « God did 
not grant, that I should deprive my sub- 
jects of the only recourse they have against 
my hatred. » 

D. John III spotted, however, such 
good qualities, when he introduced into 
Portugal the abominable tribunal of the 
inquisition, an admirable invention to 



D. JOHN HI. 



197 



make hypocrite a whole kingdom, an 
odious monument of the fanaticism and 
barbarity of our ancestors, Perhaps the 
king did not foresee the degree of execra- 
tion, at which so iniquitous a tribunal 
came in the judgement of the morigerous 
persons ; but as soon as he perceived the 
rascality of its members, lie ought to have 
repressed it. The religious toleration was 
a virtue yet little known. 

D. John III three times called together 
the cortes. In the first it was determined 
to assemble them thenceforth every tea 
years only. 

Literature. — D. John H! was one of 
the kings, who most illustrated the Por- 
tuguese throne, if we consider the impulse 
he communicated to literature. Knowing 
the great backwardness of sciences in Por- 
tugal, he sent out to Paris some young 
men of acknowledged aptness to study. 
Some of them, returning back, took up 
chairs in tfee raiversity reformed by this 
king D. John tranafered the university 
from Lisbon to Co: m bra, whither he call- 
ed with great salaries many wise men 
of Europe. 



1 98 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF POKTUG. 

The reign of D. John HI was the gold- 
en age of the portuguese literature. It 
was then that appeared almost all the 
classic I "writers, who polished, adorned 
and fixed the portuguese language. But 
it is to be regretted, that the works of this 
epoch might be submitted to an expur- 
gatory commission, that not seldom al- 
tered them considerably. 

Then or soon after lived the poets, 
Bernardim Riheiro, Gil Vincent, de 
iYliranda, Antony Ferreira, James Ber~ 
nardes, Andrade Caminha, RodrigupsLo- 
bo, Mousinho deQuevedo, Gabriel Perei- 
ra de Castro, S& e Menezes, and Luis de 
Camoes, legislator of the portuguese Par- 
nassus^ the historians, Barros, Castanhe- 
dn, Couto, Goes, Osorio, Edward Nunes, 
Brandao, iVlendes Pinto, Lucena, Luis de 
Sousa, "lyacinthus Freire; the moralists, 
1 ei or Pinto, Amador Arraes. 

Camdes. — Luis de Camoes being the 
hero of the literary history of Portugal, 
we ought to mention him peculiarly in 
this ihridg'^vrnt. 

Camoes, issue of a noble family, at an 
early period of his life was a student at 



D. JOHN III. 115 

the university of Coimbra, where, after 
studying literature, he gave himself up 
to the peripatetic philosophy, which then 
was looked upon as an oracle. Carcdes, 
being a child, showed to be inspired by 
a prodigious poetic rage. His fecund 
genius did not agree with the ideas of 
ancient literature, which then prevailed : 
he was influenced by the customs of his 
time and by the literature modified by 
christiaoty : he belonged, consequently, 
to the school of the three famous poets. 
Dante, Petrarca, Boccacio, and also of the 
divine Ariosto, of whom lie was a con- 
temporary. 

His studies being finished, Cam5es 
returned (o Lisbon, but his violent pas- 
sion towards Catharine de Ataide f maid- 
of-honour, gave rise to his confinement 
at Santareni, where, like Ovidius in Pontus, 
he celebrated thro' verses his unhappiness. 
This confinement was the first ring of the 
never interrupted chain of misfortunes, 
which afflicted our poet during his whole 
life. 

From Santarem Ga aides went out to 
Africa, where he valoronsly combatted 



200 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PQRTUG. 

against the moors. He came back to Lis- 
bon, where he expected to receive the 
reward of his services ; but his fortune was 
yet contrary, and he took leave of his coun- 
try with these words of Scipio: » fnqrata 
pufrta, ossa mea non possidebis» and in 1 553 
quitted the Tagus, and departed to the 
East Indies. 

At this time, the legislator of the Portu- 
guese Parnassus had already begun to blow 
upon the trumpet of Calliope to the im- 
mortal poem, os lusiadas, a production 
entirely born from the purest patriotism. 

In Goa he performed again military 
wonders, showing that the valour of his 
sword entered into competition with the 
elegancy of his pen. Camoes got little rest 
in the shade of the green palms, he had 
just reaped. The poet could not see without 
trouble the disorders and abuses, com- 
mitted in the administration of the por- 
guese Indies, what moved him to write 
a satirical poem. And Camoes was sent 
away to Macao, 

Not long after Camoes returned to 
Lisbon, where he mendicated his suste- 
nance. 



D , IQHi\ T ill. 



201 



It was in Macao that our poet proba- 
bly terminated the lasiGdas. This poem 
is the best production of modern litera- 
ture, it is the most indelible monument 
its author could erect to posterity, it is ? 
according to the ev idence of learned men, 
the first modern epopea, some passages 
of which the great Tasso did not con- 
sider unworthy to profit by. And the 
mordacity of the snarling critics, Vol- 
taire, la Harpe, Rapin, Moreri and others, 
who dared to carp the i oet, in spite of 
being ignorant of his biography and the 
Portuguese language, is chased away by 
the most competent judges. 

They who do not know the original 
language of a poem, and adventures thus 
to give their opinion, are in the case of 
those, who would pass a sentence without 
understanding the acts of the process. 
Forty one translations, that have been made 
of this poem, are a decisive proof of its 
high merit. 

Company of Jesus. — The biscayner 
Ignatius de Loyola was the founder of the 
celebrious company of Jesus, that made 
so great a noise all over the world. In 



202 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG . 

Paris be studied philosophy and theology ; 
and acquired such an authority among the 
other students, that many of them deter- 
mined to follow him as their father and 
master. The principal were, Francis Xa- 
vier, native of Navarre, and the portu- 
guese Simon Rodrigues. Ignatius went to 
Home with his companions, and, finding 
a kind protection in Paul III, intended 
to found a society, and offered it to the 
apostolical missions. In 15 l<0, this society, 
that was named the company of Jesus, 
was confirmed by a bull of the same 
pontiff. 

The fame of the rare virtues of the 
jesuites flying every-where, John III 
entreated Ignatius to send him some of 
them for the missions of the East Indies 
Father Simon Rodrigues came to Lisbon, 
with some companions, the king received 
him with the greatest kindness, and or- 
dered his ministers to lodge them wel!« 
Simon petitioned to lead his ordinary way 
of living, namely, to ask alms, visit the 
prisons and live in hospitals, 

Simon was augmenting the new society 
#ith many novices, endeavouring to attract 



B. JCHI1 ill. 



for it the young men of the first rank and 
those who d stinguished themselves by 
their talents. After this fashion be ac- 
quired so great an ascendency upon the 
people, that they called him apostle, an i 
his companions apostles. 

Tke first siege of Dm. — In 153! the 
governor Nuno da Cunha erected a fort 
at Diu. But Badur, king of Carobay, en- 
deavoured to wrest it from the Portu- 
guese. Nuno went to meet him, and Ba- 
dur himself died crossed by a lance. An- 
tony da Silveira was appointed governor 
of the fort. 

The portuguese a little while lived 
peacefully at Diu. Soliman, emperor of 
the turks, incited by the complaints of 
the indian kin»s, resolved on oa nishing 
the portuguese from the east; and a lar- 
ge fleet cast anchor at Diu. Coge Sofar, 
prime-minister of the successor of Badur, 
united to him with twenty thousand men. 
The fortress was narrowly besieged two 
months; but the gallant governor always 
repelled all the assaults at the head of 
six. hundred portuguese. In fine, being 
without any hope, he raised the siege. 



204 ABRIDGEMENT OF IHE RiSTORT OF PO&TU^ 

The astonishment, caused in Europe by 
the victories of Silveira, was so great, that 
Francis, king of France, asked for his 
portrait, and placed it among those of 
other heroes. 

Discovery of Japan. — Three portuguose 
merchants, Antony da Mota, Francis Zet- 
inoto and Antony Peixoto, who were in 
Siatn, resolved ongoing to trade in Chin- 
cheo, a port of China. They sailed a long 
while with success ; but being already 
in sight of Chincheo, shipwrecked, and 
were driven to one of the Japanese Islands, 
The Portuguese were received by the na- 
tives with great kindness, exchanged their 
merchandise for silver, and set sail to Ma- 
lacca. The historians Galv5o and Couto 
relate in this manner thediscovery of Ja- 
pane Bat this empire wa9 also discovered 
this same year by FernSo Mendes Pints, 
Christoval Borraiho and James Zeimo- 
to, according to the account of Pinto 
himself (13-52). 

Tne second $>ege of Dh, — For six 
years after, peace lasted between the 
sultan of Cambay and the portuguese : 
but enticed by the renegade Coge-Sofsr, 



a), John in. 



SOS 



fee beset closely the fortress of Din, the go- 
vernor of whicti was the immortal John 
de Mascarenhas. In the garrison there 
-were not more than two hundred soldiers, 
who were distressed for provisions, The 
laSrm, for— ant offowb* ate rooks, that, 
perching upon the slain, -yyere taken by 
the soldiers, -who sold them at an exor- 
bitant price. Dogs, cats and every kind 
of unclean animals, were looked upon as 
a delicacy. 

The place was reduced to the utmost 
distress, when the vice-roy D. John de 
Castro arrived at Diu. The enemies' ge- 
neral showed great courage, crying out 
to his men : « Would to God, that the 
vice-roy would fight in the open country, 
that we might enter into the fortress by 
the gates, instead of entering by the walls. 
With the portuguese colours I intend to 
<:ause the house of our prophet to be 
swept. Courage, valorous comrades, in 
one day only you will take vengeance 
for the affronts of many years. Henceforth 
you will receive double pay, as your in- 
trepidity justly deserves. » D. John de 
Castro, determined to give battle, on *ne 



206 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG< 

day ordered the gates of the fortress to 
be pulled down and to be burnt, to make a 
breakfast for the warriors, in order loput 
ikem out of the hope of refuge. Then 
they marched out of the castle, and ga~ 
ve battle to the enemy in the open coun- 
try. The portuguese obtained a comple- 
te victory. This obstinate siege lasted eight 
months (!5i6j 0 

Events in A frica. — I). John saw what 
great efforts were requisite to sustain the 
repeated assaults of the moors in theafri- 
can places, which were a continual drain 
on his best troops ; and thus he resolved 
to abandon some of them to the mus- 
sulmans. The places, Alcacer Seguer, Ar- 
zilla, -Safim and Azamor, were eva- 
cuated. In the other places the Portugue- 
se arras were crowned with that success, 
which usually attended them. 

Cohnizat'vm of the Brazils.* — The Bra- 
ails, till now abandoned to thesavageness 
of the natives, began to be peopled by 
the portuguese colonies in the reign of 
D. John III. This sovereign thought the 
way of forwarding this colonization wa* 
to divide the territory in several captain- 



D. JOHN IIL 



207 



ships, and give them to apt persons. The 
principal captainships were : Maranh^o, 
Par£ , Parahiba, Pernarabuco, llheos, 
Porto Seguro, Espirito Saneto, S. Vincent, 
Itamaraca. The fortune of all peoplers 
was not the ssiae: soma of them had to 
wage a continual war against the nati- 
ves, others did not succeed in their en- 
terprises. 

In order to give the greatest stability 
to the recent colonies,, the king despatch- 
ed a governor to the Brazils, to found 
in Bahia a city, which ought to be the 
capital of the whole territory occupied 
by the Portuguese. Thomas de Sousa was 
the first who held the appointment of 
governor, or captain general of the Bra- 
zils: and he went to his command in 
1549. Immediately on his arrival, he 
laid the foundation of a new city, called 
S. Salvador. 

Descendence of D. John III — D. John 
had by D. Catharine, daughter of Phi- 
lippe II of Spain : 

D, John married to D. Johanne, 
daughter of Charles V. He was the fa- 
ther of the king D. Sebastian, who was 



2 DS ABRIDGEMENT Oz THE HISTORY OF PORTUG - 

bom after his father's death, at Lisbon 
in 1554. 

D. Mary, married to Philippe II of 

A 

The queen Catharine had many other 
children, -who all died at a minor age. 

D. John Hi had by Elizabeth Moniz an 
illegitimate son, D. Edward, archbishop 
of Braga. 



D. SEBASTIAN, 



TOE WISHED, 

(1557— 1578). 

Character of D. Sebastian. — The first ex- 
pedition to Africa. — Second expedition. — 
Supposed corpse of D. Sebastian. — D. Se- 
bastian appears in Italy. — Vice-reign of D. 
Luis de Ataide. 

'character of D. Sebastian. — At the ti- 
me of the death of D. John III, was scar- 
cely three years old the prince D.Sebas~ 
tian, to whom the way to the throne was 
so soon opened by the premature dea h 
of his father the prince I), ^ohn. The helm 
of government was therefore aban- 
doned : the steersman was too young. 
Thereupon his grand-mother D. Ca- 
tharine sat first at the helm until the 
year 1561, afterwards cardinal Henry 
until 1557, in which year the royal pu- 
pil became of age. 

14 



210 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF FOR TUG . 

From his infancy D. Sebastian posses- 
sed the most manly inclinations; but his 
masters, who were not theaptes: to edu- 
cate a king, who had to govern a great 
monarchy, instead of profiting by the na- 
tural fitness of their pupil to form a king, 
who, with the splendour of his virtues, 
might illustrate the portuguese throne, 
and be the idol of his subjects, adopted 
such a system of education, that they 
changed his eminent qualities into war- 
like inclinations and hatred to the alko- 
ran, when the time had elapsed, in which 
these conditions were the most beautiful 
ornament of a great prince. Now Portugal 
wanted a king, to repair prosperity and 
grandeur, which had already begun to 
decay. 

The masters, to more enliven the in- 
clinations of the prince towards war, paint- 
ed in the most lively colours the recent 
exploits performed by the portuguese in 
Asia and Africa. D. Sebastian becoming 
older, turned all his thoughts towards 
the art of war and the conquest of Afri- 
ca ; and gave himself over but to those 
exercises, which dispose the body to war* 



1). SEBASTIAN. 211 

His zeal for the christian cause was un- 
bounded and extravagant : his utmost am- 
bition was war against the infidels; and 
he frequently formed the wild project of 
exterminating them all : his desire to im- 
mortalize his name, as the avenger of 
Christ, was the main spring of all his 
warlike measures, and ultimately caused 
his ruin. To be a perfect prince, he want- 
ed but moderation, says a great historian : 
we ought to add, however, that he want- 
ed also earning. 

Clear signals of decay appeared al- 
ready during this reign. The monarchical 
element separates itself from the popular 
element, and therefore the noise of bon- 
dage's irons is heard not far. During this 
whole reign the cortes mec but once. 

The firti expedition to Africa. — The 
king, longing to commence his career in 
the military life, formed a corps of some 
chosen citizens, resolving to call them 
out on the first opportunity. They were 
soon after embarked with other troops, 
to proceed to Africa with Sebastian, who 
said that he was only going to visit Wis 
giwrisoDs in Africa. Hs landed aiTanger, 

14. 



212 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

and rode about the country with as few 
attendants as he would have done in Por- 
tugal : he made several excursions towards 
the interior, which at length alarmed the 
moors, who immediately collected a suf- 
ficient force to check these insults. The 
king was delighted on receiving informa- 
tion of their approach, and prepared to 
give them battle. The moors, trusting to 
their superiority of numbers, heedlessly 
rushed forward; but Sebastian had judi- 
ciously drawn up his little army so near 
to the sea, as to be supported by the fire 
from his galleys ; by this means the moors 
were out-flanked, and suffered so severe- 
ly, that they were obliged to retreat, lea- 
ving the field of battle covered with their 
killed and wounded. Sebastian, during 
the engagement, displayed great valour ; 
and, having well feasted after this his 
first victory, he returned to Lisbon. 

Second expedition. — D. Sebastian an- 
xiously expected any opportunity to si- 
gnalize himself, and an unforeseen case 
strengthened his design. Muley Mahamet, 
king of Fez and Morocco, dispossessed 
of his kingdom by his uncle Muley Mo- 



D. SEBASTIAN. 



213 



luco, implored the assistance of the king 
of Portugal. D. Sebastian readily promi- 
sed to assist him in person and with all 
his forces. 

Cardinal Henry having declined the 
regency of the kingdom, the king chose 
four governors. The ill-fated expedition 
departed, and landed on Arzilla. Moluco, 
being aware of the arrival of the chris- 
tians, placed himself at the head of his 
numerous army, and marched to the fields 
of Alcacer Quivir. He was at this time 
dangerously ill and labouring under a 
violent fever. 

On the fourth of august of 1578 an 
obstinate battle was fought. In the be- 
ginning the portuguese made so conside- 
rable a havoc among the moors, that a 
great number of the latter fled to Fez. 
Moluco was so much alarmed, that, al- 
though at his last gasp, he mounted on 
horseback, and rallied his men, drawing 
his sabre : but the exertions he made, so 
much increased his disease, that he faint- 
ed and fell into the arms of his atten- 
dants. He was immediately replaced in 



214 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

his litter, where he expired a few mo- 
reen's afierwards. 

The contention became general, the 
field of battle was a spectable of death 
and of terror. Sebastian would with words 
and examples raise the spirits; and ap^ 
pearcd where the danger was greater; 
hu' to no purpose: the portuguese fought 
without courage, and were seized and 
tilled by the saracens without difficulty* 
Fortune was so much against the portu- 
guese, that Christoval de Tavora with 
tears entreated the king to surrender to 
ihe moors, because there was no other 
remedy !« Hemedy ! — replied D. Sebas- 
tian — that of heaven, if our works de- 
serve it. » Tavora, ardently desiring to 
preserve the life of his monarch, demand- 
ed a white cloth to show to the moors, 
as a sign of yielding; and upon the spot 
D.Nuno de Masearenhas held up a white 
handkerchief on the point of his sword, 
nnd some mussulmans came and asked 
the arms from D. Sebastian. Tavora then 
begged submissively the king to give his 
sword. On hearing these words, Sebastian 
drew to himself his arm, and exclaimed; 



D, SEBASTIAN. 



215 



cr The royal dignity will be lost with life » 
and on 9aying this, fought bis way through 
the mahometan crowd. 

Sebastian, attended by Luis de Brito p 
after beating down many infidels, was 
surrounded on all sides. The moors seized 
him, and endeavoured to wrest the 
sword from his hand. Brito drew his own, 
and made among them a great slaughter. 
In this way, the king could desintangle 
himself from the enemies, and retired 
towards the river Muhazen, near which 
many Portuguese troops were dispersed ; 
and thus he left the field of battle. Brito 
was taken prisoner, and looking for the 
way D. Sebastian took, saw him far off 
without being pursued. He was already 
at a great distance from theplace, where 
his body is said to be found. 

Supposed corpse of D, Sebastian, — It 
was generally credited not only by the 
noblemen, who were captive in the pa- 
valion of the new moorish king, but also 
by the mussulmans themselves, that D. 
Sebastian lived yet; because no person 
had seen him to die, somebody had seen 
him quit the field of battle, and 



216 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PGRTUG. 

pass the river Muhazen, and neither 
any of his ensigns were perceived nor 
any thing else. Meanwhile a servant of 
D. Sebastian, perhaps moved by liberty's 
reward (which the moorish king had pro- 
mised to any one who could find the said 
corpse of 1). Sebastian), brought, two 
days after the battle, a body much wound- 
ed, covered with blood and dust, putri- 
fied bv the scorching heat of the afri- 
can sun ; in a word, utterly disfigured. 

In the beginning the noblemen seemed 
to be doubtful : but after, either because 
they indeed acknowledged him (which 
was very difficult in that state), because 
deeming he was alive, wished he could 
make his escape without being persecuted 
by the sarscens, or because, their ideas 
being so confused by so sorrowful a situa- 
tion, they affirmed without great reflexion 
what they heard from a portuguese. Be 
that as it mav, this body was buried in 
Alcacer with si^ns for it to be known. 

Notwithstanding the great rumour that 
IK Sebastian was yet living, cardinal D. 
Henry was proclaimed king of Portugal 
at the close of august of the same year, 



D ; SEBASTIAN. 



§17 



The moorish king was very proud of the 
victory: he be~an however to be appre- 
hensive that Philippe of Spain would 
revenge the death of his nephew, and enter 
into confederacy with the portuguese. In 
order to get rid of this fear, he offered 
him the supposed corpse ofD. Sebastian 
without ransom. 

D. Sebastian appears In Italy. — Twenty- 
years after the battle of Alcacer appeared 
in Venice a man, who called himself king 
of Portugal, and who gave decisive proofs 
of the same. The Spanish ambassador in 
Venice endeavoured to ruin this man. and 
succeeded in casting him into a prison. 
Sebastian asked to be examined and to 
have his head cut off, if it could not be 
proved that he was the same whom he 
said to be. No regard was paid to so 
just a reclamation, and even he was not 
permitted to be seen. The senate of Venice, 
in order to ovoid disputes with the court 
of Castile, and not to pronounce an unjust 
judegment against Sebastian, set him at 
liberty after twentv seven interrogatories. 

From Venice Sebastian departed to 
Florence, where he was arrested hy the 



218aBRIDG£M£NTOFTHE histortcf portug. 

command of the graad-duke. From Flo- 
rence be was conveyed to Naples, and 
confined in a prison. The earl of Lensos. 
vice-roy of Naples, had a parley with 
him, in which they spoke of the greatest 
details of two ambassadies, with which he 
had been sent to D. Sebastian king of 
Portugal. The earl was so much convinced 
that he was the king himself, that he 
treated him very mildly, and at the last 
hour said to his son and successor :« I 
declare that this man is the very Sebas- 
tian king of Portugal. » A little time after 
he was sent to Spain. 

The duke and the duchess of Medina 
Sidoaia desired to see him : and after a 
long conversation, Sebastian asked to the 
duke, whether he possessed yet a sword 
he had given tohim, when hedepasted to 
Africa. « The king 1). Sebastian — answered 
the duke — -gave me a sword which I have 
yet. » And as he said he knew it, though 
after a lapse of twenty years, the duke 
ordered twelve swords to he brought, and 
Sebastian said that It was not one of them, 
as soon as they were seen. The duke or- 
dered others to be brought, and Sehast bn 



D. SEBASTIAN. 219 

upon the spot pointed it out. To the 
duchess asked Sebastian whether she had 
yet a ring he had given to her. The 
duchoss showed it, oad he said : « Under the 
stone of this ring is engraved my name. The 
stone was taken out, and what Sebastian 
had said, was found to be true. After Sebas- 
tian was confined in a castle, and no 
more was spoken of thi< unfortunate. 

Vice-reign of D. Luis de Ataide. — Care- 
lessness, immorality, avarice and often 
barbarity of many vice-roys and governors, 
had brought upon themselves universal 
abhorrence throughout the portuguese do- 
minions ; and these dominions should be 
annihilated without the incomparable ad- 
ministration of Ataide. Hidalcao, Nizamo- 
!uco and Samorim, the most powerful 
kings of India, entered into a confederacy 
against the portuguese. 

Upoa his arrival at Goa, D.Luis was 
informed, that the general opinion was to 
abandon the most remoted places, and 
concentrate a!! the forces in Malabar and 
the suburbs of the capital. « As long as I 
live — said D. Luis to those who spoke 
thus to him — I will keep ail, our enemies 



220 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

shall gain no ground. » He sent out troops 
to all the threatened places, and made 
the necessary preparations for the defence 
of Goa. 

At length the enemies fell upon the 
cities, and every-where resistance was 
equal to the courage with which they 
were attacked. Goa was invaded -by Hi- 
dalcao. The siege of Goa was one of the 
most dreadful, of which history speaks. 
Ten months of a very pressed siege vere 
elapsed, when Hidalcao, moved by the 
enormous losses he had endured, raised 
the siege. The siege of Goa being raised, 
D. Luis went to cause that of Chaul to 
be raised, w r hich was directed by Niza- 
moluco king of Cambay, whom he van- 
quished in a very obstinate battle. Af- 
terwards he directed himself against Sa- 
morim, routed him, and obliged him to 
sign a pact, according to which he could 
not possess any more vessels of war. The 
three powerful kings being overcome, the 
others laid down their arms. After the 
expiration of his vice-reign, D. Luis re- 
turned to Europe (1 517). 

In 1578 D. Luis de Ataide, who was 



D. SEBASTIAN. 



221 



already count of Atouguia, returned as 
vice-rov to the east. Maide, after having, 
a second time, firmly established the ad- 
ministration of the oriental states, died in 
Goa; and so great a man, upon whose 
spirit passions had no influence, or, to 
say better, they were all concentrated in 
one only, patriotism, inscribed his name 
in the annals of heroism. 



D, HENRY , 



THE CHASTE, 

(1578 — 1580). 

Character of D. Henry. — Situation of 
Portugal after the disappearance of D. Se- 
bastian. — D. Henry is proclaimed king. 
Pretenders to the throne. — Cortes, election 
of five governors. 

(Character of D. Henry. — Henrv> 
before he was king, was an exemplary 
prelate. He enjoyed the greatest ecclesias- 
tical dignities, being archbishop ofEvora, 
Braga and Lisbon. His reputation in the 
college of cardinals was so great, that, in 
the conclave ->n the death of Paul HI, he 
was a candidate for the papal dignity. 
Henry gave alms in great sums, and these 
were more considerable to tho>e persons, 
who for modesty did not mendicate, 
D. Henry was very versed in the greek, 



D. H£XRY. 



223 



latin and trebrew langages, in theology, 
philosophy, and also in the mathematical 
sciences, as a pupil of the celebrious Pe- 
ter Nunes. He was a particular protector 
of learned men, whose company gave to 
him an unutterable pleasure. Aires Bar- 
bosa, Caspar do Casal, Damiao de Goes, 
Hieronymus Osorio, Andre de Resende, 
Edwards Xunes de Leao, and many others, 
experienced his affection. He called to 
Portugal the Italian Petter Maffeo, and 
the two famous flemings Peter Vaseo and 
Nicolas Clenardo. For his instigation, 
Goes wrote in portuguese the history of 
the reign of D. Manoel, Osorio wrote the 
same history in latin, Maffeo the histo- 
rv of the East Indies in the samelangua- 
ge; Leao collected several laws, that 
were dispersed. Osorio and Maffeo beca- 
me renowned for the pureness and cor- 
recteness of their language: their latini- 
ty was, perhaps, not inferior to that of 
Livius and Tacitus. 

So many and so great qualities were 
stained, w hen Henry accepted the charge 
of the general inquisitor. Besides this, seat- 
ed upon the throne he did not show the ef~ 



224 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OFPORTUG. 

fects of these qualities, and was an unapt 
king, delivering the country into the 
hands of tyranny. 

Situation of Portugal after the disap- 
pearance of-D. Sebastian, — A government 
is always a very complexed machine, 
that has its beginning, its progress, and 
its moment of perfection, if it is well esta- 
blished in its origin ; and has its begin- 
ning, its progress, and its moment of 
destruction, if it is originally vicious. In 
both cases it comprehends so many inter- 
nal and external objects, that its dissolu- 
tion, produced either by the imbecility of 
the sovereign or by the impacience of the 
subjects, can have but dreadful results. If 
the impacience of the subjects breaks 
the yoke, under which they for a long 
time groaned, the nation goes more or 
less rapidily to an anarchy through waves 
of blood. If it is the listlessness of the 
sovereign, unable to support the reins of 
power, that causes this fatal end, blood 
is spared, but the nation remains in a 
state of death. This nation is but a cor- 
pse, all the parts of which grow rotten, 
separate themselves, and transform into 



B. HENBT. 



a heap of worms, which also grow rottea 
after devouring all. 
Meanwhile, ad jacent nations turn round, 

as wild and fierce beasts in the forests. 
They take, without effort, possession of a 
nation, that can not defend themselves. 
Then this i:a ion is reduced to a sta.e 
worse than that of barbary. The iaws of 
the conqueror strive against those of the 
subdued nation, customs against cus- 
toms, religion against religion, the lan- 
guage of the subdued people is con- 
founded with a foreign idiom. T t is a 
cahos, to which it is difficult to foresee 
the end ; it is a cahos, which lasts many 
cenluries, and always remain traces, that 
the most prosperous events do not ex- 
tinguish. 

Here is the image of Portugal after the 
disappearance of D.Sebastian, bv d gre^s 
falling into the power of r astile, a: d 
beginning to suffer a cap ivitv of almost 
sixty years. The great inhabiJity ofHe^ry 
was the principal cause of this horrible 
ca'as'rophe In this way the name of Por- 
tugal was scratched out from the roll of 
rations. 

io 



826 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG- 

D. H nry is procJaimnl king. — News ha- 
ving been carried to Lisbon of the defeat 
of the christian army, cardinal D. Henry 
was proclaimed king of Portugal. It seem- 
ed that Henry did not feel the delight, 
which the sceptre ordinarily occasions, 
seeing the seed of discord to germin among 
those who aspired to the crown, on 
account of his ecclesiastical state and his 
old age. 

Pretenders to the throne. — The chief pre- 
tenders were, Philippe II, king of Spain; 
D. Antony, prior of Crato; D. Catharine, 
duchess ofBragan^a; all three grand-sons 
of D Manoel. Philippe profi ed by falla- 
cious means and exciting hopes, which his 
delegates efficaciously employed with the 
cardinal and people. Philippe had deter- 
mined to enter by force into Portugal, if 
he should see his own projects to miscar- 
ry by gentle measures. 

C<<rl $, election of five governors. — The 
bashful cardinal fluctuated in his mind, 
and, in spite of being naturally inclined 
to the party of the duchess, he sided, 
however, with Philippe, whose power put 
him in fear, And being very pressed, 



X>, HENRY i 



227 



summoned the claimants, and heldcortes. 
There was much alterca'ion, a d the va- 
riety of opinio .s was go great, that all 
remained undecided. In this pressure ihe 
king elected five governors, to whom every 
one swore to obey, in case he should 
die without successor, and to obey also 
the sovereign chosen by them. 

The cortes being dissolved, the partisans 
of the three claimants began to act more 
openly ; and Henry, fearing the effects of 
the popularity of Anlony, declared him 
illegitima'e. 

An epidemy beginning to rage at Lisbon, 
the king retired to Almeirim, whi her 
he called newly the depu ies. Hays were 
past in fruitless al ercation, and the illness 
of the king was daily increasing. Henry 
died at Almeirim in january 1 580. 



INTERREGNUM, 



(1580 — 1581). 
D. ANTONY AND D, PHILIPPE. 



Proclamatiou of D, Antony. — Battle of 
Alcantara. — D. Antony is abandoned. — 
Cortes at Thomat. 



JL reclamation of D. Antony. — By the 
death of the cardinal the portuguese re- 
mained subject to an aristocratical go- 
vernment appointed by him. Philippe ad- 
dressed the magistra f es of the towns and 
the three states, offering great rewards, 
if they acknowledged him as their sove- 
reign. Philippe, being resolved to en 4 er 
Portugal by force, chose two famous ge- 
nerals, the duke of Alva and the mar- 
quis of St. Cruz; the former to command 
the fleet, the latter to head theland-for- 




INTERREGNUM. 



22? 



ees. Eivas, Olivenga, Serpa, Moura and 
other important towns, speedily sided 
with Philippe. 

Antony, moved by the rapid progress 
of his rival, exerted his utmost endeavours 
to acquire the portuguese crown, in^an- 
tarem the popular shout of his proclama- 
tion was raised, and he wassalu ed king 
of Portugal with all the usual formalities. 
Antony did not wait that the spirits 
should be dejected, and departed there 
and then to Lisbon, where he entered al- 
most without opposition. He directed 
himself to the house of senate, and here 
he was a second time proclaimed king 
of Portugal. All the towns, situated be- 
tween Lisbon and Porto, followed the 
example of the capital. 

Bath of Alcantara. — The duke of 
Alva passed the frontier, and obliged the 
most important towns of Aiem'ejo to obey 
Philippe. D. Antony saw his soldiers to 
abandon his party, and many noblemen 
to depart to Badajos and pay hb alle- 
giance to Philippe. Portugal was exhaust- 
ed of men and money. In these necessi- 
tous, circumstances be had recourse to 



t30 Aj&PJDGEMEtfT OF *tHE HISTORY OF PO&TU&. 

exlorsions, which attracted upon him the 
hatred of the people. The duke of Alva 
entered Cascaes without resistance. 

Antony assembled an army of eight 
thousand men consisting of all sorts, and 
placed himself near the bridge of Alcan- 
tara. The duke encamped before his mi- 
serable army, that plainly showed the 
agony of tie Portuguese liberty. It was 
about midnight, when the battle com- 
menced. Antony performed prodiges of 
valour, till at length, almost forsaken, ' 
he gave ground, passed through Lisbon* 
and did not halt till he reached Sacavem. 
The capital submitted. 

D. Anionxi i$ abandoned, — Antony 
w r ent out from Sajeavero to Coimbra, 
where he levied a little army, and besie- 
ged Aveiro. This town being subdued, 
he pitched his camp in sight of Por- 
to, and possessed himself of it also. The 
duke of Alva,, desiring to strike the last 
blow to the party of \ntony, dispatched 
against him general Sancho de Aviia at 
the head of an army of six thousand men. 
Avila battered the city of Porto, entered 
ft, ftid his soldiers were permitted to 



INTERREGNUM 



sack it. Antony fled with few attendants. 
Tais prince being forsaken, every city, 
town and village refused hira admittance, 
and thus he led many davs the life of a 
wanderer, and often he was on the point 
of falling into the hands of his enemies. 

Philippe, being informed of the victo- 
ry of the duke of Alva and the flight of 
Antony, directed himself to Eivas, and 
promised & large sum to him who would 
bring the head of this prince. Anto- 
ny freighted a ship, and, attended by 
the count of Vimioso and a few others, 
sailed to England, whence he went out 
to f aris, and obtained the intercession 
of [Catharine* 

C rtps at T)ori)ar. — Philippe called 
together the states o\ the kingdom at Tho- 
mar, where he wished to hold cortes in the 
month of april ( ! S3 ). The same month, 
but prior to the cortes, Philippe was pro- 
claimed king cf Portugal; and we be^in 
now to reckon the days of the captivity 
of Portugal. In the cortes the following 
articles were decreed. All the prero^a li- 
ves, custom^ exemptions and immunities 
of the country shaJl be strictly observed : 



232 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTCG. 

no public measures relative to Portugal 
shall be concluded, or even discussed else- 
where, but always within the kingdom: 
no appointment, which could relate to the 
political government of these realms shall 
be granted excepting to natives: the com- 
merce of the countries beyond the seas shall 
not be altered. The cortes being dissohed. 
Philippe directed himself to the capita!. 




THE THIRD, 



OTHER 

PHILIPPINE DYNASTY, 

1581 — 1640). 
D. PHILIPPE L 

THE PRUDENT, 

{1581 — 1599). 

Character of D. Philippe I. — Literature. 
— French expeditions in favour of D. Anto- 
ny. — English expedition in favour of D. An- 
tony. — Causes of the destruction of the Por- 
tuguese empire in the East Indies. — -Des- 
cendence of D. Philippe I. 

C^sharacler of D. Philippe I. — Philippe 
II of Spain and I of Portugal, on 
account of his intrigues and extraordi- 
nary ambition, made so great a bustle, 
that he was called the demon of the south. 
He was endowed with great wit, and a 



234 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HI STORY OF PORTUfr. 

little common religious zeal. In defence 
of religion hesupported very serious wars : 
be so much de ested heresy, that he used 
to say, that he would lose hi> states rather 
than see them infected' by the errors of 
Luther and Calvin, and that, if any of 
his children became herefctics,. he him- 
self would kindle the fire to burn them. 

He used also to say, and repeated it at 
his dying hour, not to have committed 
any act of injustice, knowing ittobe such, 
Philippe did not know, therefore, how to 
distingush justice from injustice ; because 
he was ignorant, that it was an injustice 
to usurp a kingdom ; because he was igno- 
rant, that it was unjust to kill an off- 
spring, either from ambition or jealousy; 
because finally, he was ignorant, that it 
was an injustice, to overflow with human 
blood the states of Flanders for the sake 
of religion, which ought to be free. Only 
the sanguinary duke of AJva boasted of 
causing the death of hvo n;H!ions of men 
during his government. 

Both in prosperity and adversity, IK 
Philippe possessed ar . v 3 :■ ":: ' ? c ' 
cj f what he decisively nves. wb* n fee 



D. PHILIPP£ i. 



235 



heard the news of the victory of the gulf 
of Lepanto and that of the loss of the in- 
vimMt fleet, 

Towards the portuguese Philippe was 
a detestable king, a tyrant. The emigra- 
tions were by hundreds, the murders 
were numberless, particularly ecclesiastics, 
whose bodies were thrown into the sea 
through an opening in the tower of S. 
Julian. 

Lit rature. — Tyranny, that generally 
checks the progress of civilization, opening 
the wings and claws, fell upon the 
Portuguese literature, and corrupted it 
with its pestiferous breath. The Portu- 
guese literature began then to lose its 
classic lusire; the beautiful portuguese 
idiom began to grow out of use. The 
meanness and adulation of many writers 
were so great, that they employed in their 
works the language of the usurper. Besi- 
des this, many writers were murdered, and 
many banished. 

French. exp"dii'on in favour of JJ An~ 
tony. — On his arrival in France, Antony 
fitted out troops, and departed in a fleet 
commanded by the earl of Brissac, At the 



236 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

same time, the Spanish fleet, commanded 
by the marquis of St. Cruz, left the Ta- 
gus ; and both steered their course towards 
the Azores, that followed the party of 
Antony. In the sea of these islands there 
was an obstinate conflict. Many french 
vessels steered off, their commanders ha- 
ving been suborned by Philippe's agents. 
The earl of Brissac set sail for France 
with the remainder of the fleet, leaving 
the victory to the Spaniards (1582). 

Antony still obtained a succour con- 
sisting of one thousand two hundred men 
commanded by general Chartres, who ar- 
rived at Angra. The marquis of St. Cruz 
directed himself against the enemies. The 
Spaniards landed, and after much conten- 
tion, came off victorious. Chartres capi- 
tulated, and returned home with the rest 
of his soldiers ('1533).. 

English expedition tn favour of 1). An- 
tony. — After this, Antony applied to 
Elizabeth, queen of England, who favoured 
his views, on account of the invin? j hie 
fleet, which Philippe had sent out to sub- 
due her states. 

In 1589, a great fleet, headed by 



D. PHILIPPE T. 



23" 



Francis Drake, weighed anchor, and 
reached the cape Carvoeiro. 

John Noris, commander of the land- 
troops, came on shore, took possession of 
the fortress of Peniche, and arrived near 
Lisbon. After he directed himself to Cas- 
caes, where the squadron had anchored. 
The party of Antony was depressed* All 
the towns kept their allegiance to the 
usurper ; not even one sided with that 
prince. The two english generals returned 
to England, and Philippe was allowed 
peaceably to enjoy his usurpation. 

Antony, already without pretention, 
went to Paris, and lived here until 1 595 , 
in which year he died. 

Causes of the destruction of the por/w- 
guese empire in the Enst Indies. — Fifty 
years had been enough for the Portuguese 
to found an empire in the East Indies. 
It was not requisite so much to be des- 
troyed. Many causes contributed at the 
same time to its fall. At first, the Por- 
tuguese were to guard an immense tract of 
coast, and their disposable troops were 
very little for it. Their settlements were si- 
tuated at such great distances, that they 



238 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG • 

could not give mutual aid. Besides this, 
each of these settlements had a governor, 
whose interests seldom adap ed to those of 
the state. S ; very one depended, it is true* 
on the general governor or vice-roy of 
the Indies, who resided at Goa ; but un- 
der the pretence of the great distance, they 
did not wait their orders. Even the ge- 
neral governors and vice-roys, whose 
functions lasted three years, occupied 
themselves less for the advantages of the 
state than of their own; and to the end 
that the others would not declare the 
defects of their administration, they shut 
their eyes to all the abuses, and consented 
that <»very person should grow rich, pro- 
vided that they also might grow rich. The 
history of the portugue^e dominion, during 
its decadence, rather consists of the nar- 
rative of the corruption of the vice-roys 
and governors than of general facts. 

In the second place, the valour of tha 
Almeidas, Albuquerque* and their men * 
converted itself in faintheartedness and 
negligence. The rapacious thirst of wealth 
had succeeded the patriotism. During the 
reign of D, Manoel and his succe5sor, evil 



D. PKILIFPE I. 



139 



did nut increase ; at least it was little 
sensible : but with D. Sebastian, all the poli- 
tical errors, all derations of fanaticism, sat 
upon the throne. The inquisition, solemn- 
ly settled at Goa, distinguished itself by a 
greater severity thin all other tribunals of 
the mother country. Many thousands of 
victims perished m flames ; and when these 
bloody executions gave rise to some rebel* 
lion, the vice-roys and governors, not 
daring to act openly, employed the iron 
of assassins and poison. Ca?dinal Henry 
did not improve the condition of the indians. 
Thus, the portuguese, who fifty years 
before were so powerful in the East In- 
dies, now abhorre I both by the indians, 
jews, and by mussulmans intermingled 
with them, not enjoying already the pu- 
blic trust, and deprived of military force, 
must fall at the first shock, leaving behind 
but a hateful memory. 

But among all the causes, which pro- 
duced the ruin of the portuguese in the 
East Indies, the stronger was the great 
change of the system of administration f 
which chan :e was owing to the revolution, 
that rendered Portugal nearly a province 



240ABIUDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PGRTUO. 

of Spain. The despotic Philippe and his 
successors much endeavoured to deprive 
Portugal of her riches and power, in or- 
der to keep her more submissive, and did 
not forget her colonies in the Indies. The 
Spaniards, sole masters of the Philippine 
Islands, could make the whole commerce 
of Japan, China, Malacca and the whole 
indian archipelago. Philippe took- to heart 
not to allow the portuguese commer- 
ce in the Indies to be prosperous. Instead 
of fifteen or twenty vessels, which every 
year departed from Lisbon to Goar, 
Philippe sent out only the fourth part 
and the worst. In a word, he disired that 
the portuguese should lose their settle- 
ments in the Indies, without beinsr accu- 
sed of being the cause of it. Such was 
always his politics, to wound his enemies, 
without discovering the hand that gras- 
ped the dagger. 

Dpscpndenc of D. Philippe I. — Philip- 
pe married four times. The first wife was 
D. Mary, daughter of D. John III. By 
her he had the iil-fated Charles, whom his 
father sentenced to die without a process. 



B. PHILIPPE I. 



^41 



The second wife was Mary, queen of 
England, daughter of Henry VIII. 

The thud was Elizabeth, daughter of 
Henry II, king of France. 

The fourth was Anne, daughter of the 
emperor Maximilian II, by whom he had 
Philippe, who succeeded him. 



16 



3D. PHILIPPE II, 



the nous, 



(1599—1621). 



Counsels of D, Philippe I to his son D. 
Philippe II. — Entrance of Philippe in Lis - 
Jbin. — India. — Descendence of D. Philippe 



K^younsels of Philippe I to his son Phi- 
lippe II. — When Philippe I died, he 
bequeathed to his son a writings the sub- 
stance of which was as follows : « Without 
searching whether it is just or not, make 
yourself master of Portugal, the conquest 
of which can have as a result, the sub- 
duing of France, the abating of the for- 
ces of England, the disorder of Germa- 
ny, and to bring the terror of the Spanish 
arms to the borderings of septentrion. It 
is of moment, at first to establish your 
dominion aver the portuguese. In the 
beginning, don't oppress them with tri- 



ll. 




B. PHILIPPE II. 



butes; whereas, grant to them all the 
privileges which they ask: but after being 
accustomed to the castilian government, 
curtail by degrees the same privileges, 
and under different pretences a ppoint now 
and then castilian magistrates. It is of 
consequence, not to take off your eyes 
from the house of Bra^anga, till an op- 
portunity arrives to destroy it entirely. 
As for the other noblemen, it is necessa- 
ry to remove them from their country, 
eonfering On them honourable charges in 
Germany, Flanders and Italy. Only so is 
it possible to deprive Portugal ofressour- 
ces to any insurrection. And it is better 
to be absolute master of a ruined king- 
dom, than possess a very rich one, but 
obliged to spare her wealth. » 

For himself Philippe was unable to 
bring to a realization these articles ; but 
his favourites caused them to be fulfilled. 

Entrance of Philippe m Lisbon — Phi- 
lippe was ardently desiring to come and 
visit his portuguese subjects ; but his fa- 
vourites, who drained towards him al! 
the philosophy of royal favour, opposed 
his desires, which he codd satisfy bfttof 



244 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

at the close of his reign. People did not 
see any more pompous solemnity. All 
the orders of the state had constructed 
triumphal arches. In the Tagus was a 
great number of vessels with the form 
of fishes and marine monsters. 

While the king laid across the Ta- 
gus, the noise of the firing from the 
ships, the sound of the musical instru- 
ments, which were played through all 
the city, the repeated shouts of acclama- 
tions, produced on every person an un- 
expressible sentiment. Philippe landed, 
and directed himself to the cathedral, 
and hence to the palace; but during his 
passage through the streets he did not 
think of meeting with so much enthusi- 
asm and wealth, that he passed a second 
time on the following day to observe it. 

The admiration of the king was so 
great that he said « he never till that day 
thought himself so great a monarch » and 
added, in imitation of Julius Tsesar, that 
Lisbon should henceforth be called, the 
rltppi'>es* of Philippe. Philippe was in 
Portugal but seven months. 

India. ™ Becoming about this time ex- 



D. PHILIPPE II. 245 

cessively dreadful the growing power of 
the pirates, who, headed by the famous 
Cunhales, infesled the indian coasts, the 
princes of the east were afraid of him, 
and Samorim himself gave him leave to 
build a fortress in his empire. Cunhales 
formed the daring design of extermina- 
ting the Portuguese from India. Cunha- 
les made hostilities against the same prin- 
ces, from whom he received favours ; and 
such was the chief cause of his ruin. 

Samorim wished to revenge himself, 
and implored the assistance of the vice- 
roy, who readily gave ear to him. An- 
dre Furtado de .llendon^a ^yas chosen 
commander of the expedition, and, join- 
ing to the forces of Calicut, besieged 
the pirate in his fortress. Cunhales, 
being unable to resist, surrendered. An- 
dre returned to Goa, and Cunhales was 
hanged. 

The East India Company being created 
in Holland, the dutch began to settle- 
themselves in the East Indies, profiting 
by the natural antipathy of the people of 
these regions against the poriuguese. 

Dcscmdeixe of D. Philippe H — I). 



246 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE Ht STOKY OF PORTUG . 

Philippe had by D. Margarida, daughter 
of Charles archduke of Austria: 

D. Philippe, successor to his father, 
being born at Madrid in 1605. 

D. Anne, wife of Luis XIII, king of 
France. 

D. Mary, wife of Ferdinand III empe- 
ror of Germany. 



D. PHILIPPE IK, h 

THE GREAT, 

(16-2t — 1640). 

Character of D, Philippe III, and the duke 
of Olivares. — Diogo Soares and Michael *de 
Vasconcellos, secretaries of state. — Resto- 
ration of Portugal. — India. — The Brazils. 
— Descendence of D. Philippe III. 

(Character of D. Philippe III and the 
duke of Olivares - — It was more than 
fourty years since the portuguese suffer- 
ed, the Spanish yoke, when the reign of 
Philippe III commenced, This prince was 
then sixteen years old, and D*Gaspar de 
Gusmao, duke of Olivares, received all 
the royal favour. 

This duke w r as an intelligent, sharp 
and eloquent man ; his law was policy, 
and his doctrine the preserving of the 
fortune he enjoyed, though by devilish 
means. Spain had never known so power- 



248ABMDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

ful a minister. His vanity rendered him 
so proud, that he exacted from men not 
only obsequiousness but also worship. 
The reign of Philippe is t ie administra- 
tion of the duke ofOlivares. His haughty, 
disgusting and oppressive conduct to- 
wards the portuguese, cut off from the 
kingdom of Spain the crown of Portugal. 

Diogo Soares and Mich id d? J^nseon- 
ccllos, secretaries of stale — Philippe wish- 
ed to reduce Portugal into a province of 
Spain, and the duke of Olivares, to sa- 
tisfy the desire of the king, created Dio- 
go Soares secretary of state of Portugal 
to live at Madrid, and as his correspon- 
dent at Lisbon, with the same charge, 
Michael de Vasconcellos, father-in-law 
and brother-in-law of Diogo Soares. These 
two portuguese were firmly attached 
to the Spanish interest. Then new tribu- 
tes were imposed, and the Spanish lan- 
guage was adopted in every order which 
w T as issued out. All this was done with- 
out calling together the cortes. 

The people, despaired by so many 
extortions, made at Lisbon a great tumult, 
and the windows of the palace did no: 



D. PHILIPPE III; 



249 



escape from their furv (1623). This tumult 
had no useful result whatever, because 
the nobility did not declare themselves in 
its favour. The people refused to pay, and 
the orders, that came from Madrid for this 
purpose, were continual. Alichael de 
Vasconcellos endeavoured to accomplish 
them; but he met with a vigorous oppo- 
sition from the people. To better extort 
this tribute, a junta was instituted ; but 
the people seemed always refractory to 
the rigorous orders issued by it. 

Restoration iff PmlugaL — D.Philippe 
professed thu utmost desire of converting 
Portugal into a province of Spain. The 
duke of Olivares, to satisfy the desire of 
the king, created a meeting at Badajos 
and another at Aiamonte, both formed 
by castilian ministers, to whom he gave 
so much authority over Portugal, that 
the tribunals of this kingdom remained 
inactive. But the haughty Olivares, not 
deeming this way enough to bring into 
act Mj designs, called io the court, by 
mandate of the Ling, the porluguese of 
the first rank, who here heard a sentence 
condemning Port ugal to lose all the pre- 



250 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF FOR TUG, 

rogatives of a kingdom, on account of 
her perfidiousness (refering to a tu- 
mult, that had taken place at Evora).On 
account of this project of the most ne- 
farious usurpation, the actions of the Por- 
tuguese, which tended to shake off the 
yoke of Castile, will be for ever justified, 
even before the most inexorable arbi- 
trators; because Philippe I had exempted 
Portugal of a!l the submission to his 
crown, if he or his successors violated 
the privileges of this kingdom. 

When the Catalans, protected by Luis 
XI liking of France, revolte i against Phi- 
lippe (16 ^0), the duke of Rraganga and 
other noblemen received orders from Phi- 
lippe, to make the necessary preparations 
to attend the king onhisjoumey toCata- 
lonia, in order to quell so preat an in- 
surrection. But the duke, always watch- 
ful, easily perceived the cunningness of 
Phlippe, and used tergiversation with the 
court of Castile, readily to grasp at the 
first opportunity, in which the Portu- 
guese should offer to him the sceptre, 
that he had often refused as untimely. 

In 1640, Michael de Almeida, Peter 



E>. PHILIPPE lil. 



de Mendonca, George de Mello, John 
Pinto Ribeiro, and others, assembled in 
the house of AntSo de Almada; and 
after setting forth the grievances, under 
which Portugal had groaned since her 
subjection to Spain, resolved to proclaim 
the duke of Braganga D. John as king. 

On the first ofdecember the conspira- 
tion broke out. The conspirers directed 
themselves to the palace. Michael de Vas- 
conceilos was stabbed, and thrown out 
of the window. This uproar had drawn 
a vast concourse of people to the palace, 
who, seeing the secretary's body, shouted 
with joy; then they rushed upon the body, 
mangled and trampled it under foot. 

Whilst the duke did not arrive, the 
archbishops of Lisbon and Braga, and 
the general inquisitor, were appointed go- 
vernors. They dispatched, without delay, 
couriers to the most considerable cities 
ajid towns, in order to encourage them 
to follow the example of Lisjbon, and 
provide against the invasion of the Spani- 
ards. The duke directed himself to Lis- 
bon, where the solemnity of the coro- 
nation took place, 



252 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OFPORTUG, 

Ind'a. — From (he harbours of Hol- 
land great fleets departed to the East 
Indies, w here they took many towns from 
the portuguese. In almost all the courts 
of the princes of the east there were 
dutch ambassadors, wH6 took to heart to 
set them at variance w ith the portuguese. 
The commerce, which the latter made 
in the East Indies, anciently so lucra- 
tive, diminished day by day, after the 
du'ch had themselves established there. 

77r> Hraz'' } s — The repu; lie of Holland, 
that had just created a new company 
called the East lndia(lw21 ; like that ther 
had some tinve before created wit'} the 
West India, formed the design of taking 
the capital of t: e Brazil?-, and sent out 
a pxeat squadron against it. The dutch 
made the port of Pallia, and set fire to 
the portuguese shins, which there an- 
chored. The inhabitants of S. Salvador, 
frightened by the proximitv ofthe ene- 
mies, had no courage to defend their ci- 
ty, and abandoned it to their mercy: but 
aided by two f!ee!s arriving from Eu- 
rope, thev succeeded in recovering the 
capital. 



D. PHILIPPE ID. 



253 



The West India company had not for- 
gotten its conquests in the Brazils. They 
equipped a great squadron, that took the 
road of Pernambuco, and, nearly without 
opposition, possessed it?elf of Olinda, its 
inhabitants having forsaken their city. 
That of Recife shared the same fate ( 1 630). 
With the possession of these two cities, 
the dutch easily enlarged their conquests 
all over the province of Pernambuco. 

The West India company, flushed 
with so rapid progresses, determined to 
take possession of all the Brazils, and 
appointed to head the common forces the 
earl of Nassau John Maurice ( 1 6 iO). 
The success was such as might have 
been expected. In 16 '0 the dutch pos- 
sessed half of the Brazils. 

Descmdmce of Philipp? III. — By his 
first wife D. Flizabeth,daagther of Hen- 
ry IV, king of France, he had 0. Mary 
Tereza, who espoused Luis XIV king 
of France. 

By his second wife D. Anne of Aus- 
tria he had Charles If. 




OTHER 



BRIGASTKE DYNASTY f 



Character of D. John IV. — Influence of 
England.— Enterprise of Valverde. — Battle 
of Montijo. — Conspiracy of the archbishop 
of Braga. — The court of Spain projects the 
assassination of D. John IV. — D. John pro- 
tects the Palatine princes. — The East In- 
dies. — The Brazils. — Descendance of D. 
John IV. 



\_yharacier of D John TV. — D. John, 
arden ly desiring to reinstate his country 
in the liberty she had lost in the hands 
of tyranny, heard the lamentations she 
uttered in the irons of captivity, and, mo- 



(1640 



D. JOHN IV t 



HIE RESTORER, 



(16i0~ 1656). 




D. JOES IV. 



255 



Ved by so praiseworthy impulses, pla- 
ced himself at the head of the conspira- 
cy, which delivered him the portuguese 
sceptre. D. John could not enjoy the 
pleasures annexed to a majesty, because 
he had to oppose by aid of arms the reiter- 
ated invasions of the Spaniards, and 
by vigilancy the plots framed against his 
life. 

The whole of the reign of D. John IV 
was taken up in battles against the Spa- 
niards, who would stubbornly deliver 
Portugal to Philippe. But the portuguese, 
whose numbness, in which they had 
been immerged during almost sixty years, 
and which hadcohibited their native au- 
dacity, was vanished before a national 
king, they heard the cry of liberty ; run- 
ning at full speed to the frontiers, sword 
in hand, and animated by the impulse 
of honour and glory, remembered that 
the noise of battles had always been for 
their ancestors a melodious harmony; 
and, fighting with the sentiment of their 
ancient renown, overflowed the fields 
with Spanish blood. 

The reign of D. John IV was not 



256 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

spent in war only. This king made very 
salutary laws t > redress the grievances 
arising from the Spanish dominion. Heal- 
so showed great devotion to the mystery 
of the conception of .the holy virgin ; 
and in the cortes of 1648 declared her 
patroness of Portugal, promising, in his 
name and that of his successors, to pav 
her a certain tribute annually. And he 
ordained that no one should take up his 
degree in the university at Coimbra, 
without swearing to defend that the bless- 
ed virgin Mary had been conceived 
without the taint of original sin. 

D. John IV is said to have formed 
a plan for uniting again Portugal and 
Spain, making his son D. Theodosius king 
of the whole of the Peninsula, and 
Lisbon the capital. The origin of this 
great plan was the foresight of the rup- 
ture of the line of succession in Spain, 
which happened, in effect, on the death 
of Charles II. To this, indeed, he entered 
into a secret treaty with some eminent 
personages of the neighbouring kingdom. 
Such a project shows the elevated 
character and the refined policy of D. 



JD. JOHN IV. 



John IV. And that he was very versed 
in the management of affairs, it is evi- 
dently ind ca ed by the demonstration of 
joy from the Spaniards upon his death* 
Infiur cp of kng'ana. — The influence 
of England over the affairs of Portugal 
commenced in this time. The origin of 
this influence was the agency practised 
by England for truce between Portugal 
and Holland. 

In 1 642 Charles I and D. John IV 
signed a treaty ; and in an article of which 
already appeared the astute engluh po- 
litics. In this articled judge was spoken of 
to preserve the right* of the britannic sub- 
jets in Portugal. Why was it not admitted 
in like manner, in England, a judge to se- 
cure 'he rights of tb€S Portuguese? ! 

During the period, which lapsed from 
1642 to 1654* great events took place 
i at England. Charles i ascended the scaf- 
fold, and was succeeded by Cromwell un- 
der he title of protector. With Cromwell 
D. John made a new reat , in w ich is 
seen t'ie ascendency of England over the 
affairs of Portugal. The whole treaty was 
unfavourable to the portu^ uese : snd 

17 



258 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE Hi STORY OF PORTUG. 

we don't know, whether we must or 
not , justify D. John IV; for, engaged 
in war against Spain and Holland, he 
wanted the support of a nation so strong 
as England was already at that time 
(Mr. Sousa Dor I a ). 

Enterprise of Valverde. — Martim Afon- 
sodeMello, a portuguese general, under- 
took the capture of Valverde. He arrived 
at 01iven?a at ten o'clock p. m. and by 
break of day he was about half a league 
from Valverde. The Spaniards observed 
the enemy, and proceeded to take all the 
precautions in their power. The Portu- 
guese, knowing the hazard they ran, if they 
stormed by day a place so well garrisoned, 
remembered to give up the enterprise; 
but the fearless Mello ordered the trenches 
to be carried by assault. The Spaniards, 
disheartened, quitted their posts, and 
retired to different houses, in which, 
through apertures made in the walls, 
they fired upon the portuguese. 

The portuguese, without desponding, 
penetrated, at theexpense ofmuch blood, 
as far as a large opening, in which was 
%he parish church furnished with a re- 



D. JOHN IV. 



259 



doubt: here great numbers of inhabitants 
had taken refuge. An assault was made, 
but without effect. General Meilo, seeing 
the prejudice his troops experienced, 
marched to Olivenga (1 i) • I ). 

Ifaiile of M niijo. — Hostilities conti- 
nued at the frontiers. Matthias de Albu- 
querque, a portuguese general, after 
setting on fire some of the enemy's for- 
tresses, entered Montijo without sustain- 
ing great loss. Near this city, the contrary 
forces engaged in battle, and the Spaniards 
charged the portuguese so furiously, 
that they broke the columns of the por- 
tuguese infantrv, took the artillery, and 
put to flight the cavalry- In this action, 
Matthias de Albuquerque and John da 
Costa exposed themselves gloriously ta 
every danger, in order to obtain victory. 
In spite of the indefatigable perseverance 
of these two generals, the portuguese 
soldiers were discouraged, and the cas- 
tilians already chanted victory, not re- 
collecting how inconstant is fortune, 
chiefly in war. 

At the same time that the Spaniards, 
overjoyed, were dispersed through the 

i7 * 



260 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF FGRTUG . 

field of battle, stripping the slain, insult- 
ing the wounded, and robbing the bag- 
gage, Costa and Albuquerque endea- 
voured to repair the damages, even sa- 
crificing their lives. They drew up in 
order of battle the troops they could 
assemble, and, sword in hand, charged 
with such valour the Spaniards, that they 
shortly lost their artillery, whicb the 
Portuguese employed against them with 
wonderful effect. The Spaniards were 
totally routed. Such was the famous bat- 
tle of Montijo. where the valiant Portu- 
guese acquired an indelible renown, and 
the Spaniards, for their negligence, re- 
mained covered with disgrace (lrtii). 

In all the frontier the portuguese 
prosecuted successfully the war against 
the Spaniards: but in order to avoid 
prolixity, we will not detail all the events; 
and we will only say, that the Portu- 
guese were not satisfied with acting 
merely in their defense ; but they en- 
tered Spain with fire and sword, so that, 
if they experienced some adversity, this 
adversity gave occasion to new triumphs* 

Conspiracy of the archbishop of Braga* 



D, JOHN IT, 



-261 



— A conspiracy against the life of D. John 
IV was set on foot, which is said to ha- 
ve begun by the archbishop of Braga, 
wholly devoted to Philippe. He desired 
to reinstate him upon the throne. The 
principal conspirators were the count of 
Armamar, the count of Villa-Real, the 
duke of Caminha. The conspiracy being 
discovered, D.John IV thought that the 
least delay was prejudicial: the plotters 
were seized, and, within a little time, 
executed(l6il). The archbishop was sen- 
tenced to suffer imprisonment for life, 
and died here. 

The court of Spain projects the a$$assi~ 
nation of D. John IV. The court of 
Spain, tired by its adverse fortune, con- 
trived to assassinate treacherously D.John 
IV. Domingos Lei(e was a portuguese, 
whose villany went so far as to propose 
to kill his king, when he less thought. 
Domingos Leite departed from Madrid, 
and, arriving at Lisbon, hired a house in 
Torneircs street, wherein he made hole* 
in the walls, and wait- (1 the Corpus Gin ~ 
ti day, on which day the king generally 
attended the procession. When this pass- 



262 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PO&TUfi . 

he went to one of the holes, and 
to *>k aim ; but the kinj appeared so ma- 
jestic and splendid (as he hereafter con- 
fessed) that he was completely dazzled, 
and discouraged. Thus the king passed or* 
safe and unmolested. 

"Dorningos Leite directed himself to 
Spain, whence he departed again for the 
same purpose, and, during his journey# 
he declared his undertaking to his com* 
panion Manoel Roque. This last disguised, 
entered the city, and made the authorities 
acquainted with the case. Domingoswas 
apprehended, immediately tried and sen- 
tenced to die (1647). 

D. John protects the Palatine princes. 
— We can number among the actions 
worthy of remembrance, with which D. 
John IV illustrated his reign, his observan- 
ce of the law of hospitality. The parlamen- 
tarians, at the head of whom was Crom- 
well, after executing thei* king Charles I 
upon tee scaffold, persecuted the Palatine 
pfinces Robert and Maurice, nephews of 
the unfortunate king, who sought refuge in 
the harbour of Lisbon. Soon after appear- 
ed at Cascaes geoeral B!ac f commanding 



D. JOHN IT. 283 



a fleet* claiming the delivery of the prin- 
ces. The king, inclined to protect them, 
and seeing that Blac persevered ia his 
claim, ordered to fit out a fleet. There was 
a conflict, that did not decide any thing* 

For a while B?ac cruised off the coart 
of Portugal ; but the heart of winter hi- 
ving arrived, he quitted the sea of Pof* 
tugal ; and the princes continued their 
way, not without mark3 of the greatest 
acknowledgement for so great a benefit, 
with which D. John shewed to every na- 
tion, that he knew to keep in the sove- 
reignty the regards owing to a majesty, 
what alone will immortalise his name. 

The East Indies. — The dutch every 
day grew more powerful in the coun- 
tries of the east. In 1640 they possessed 
powerful settlements in Japan, Formosa, 
Molucca Islands, Timor, Celebes, Borneo, 
Sumatra, Siam, Malacca, Ormus, Ceylon* 
The island of Ceylon was the principal 
theatre, wherein the bloody scenes of war 
were played. In 1655 arrived here a dutch 
fleet under Gerard Huld, with whose co- 
ming a new martial ardour electrified the 
republican breasts, and made to unsheach 



264 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUCr , 

the swords to be no more put into their 
scabbards, without expulsing thoroughly 
the portuguese from the island; what 
happened indeed, fn tbis manner, the 
island of Ceylon, in spite of every exer- 
tion on the part of the portuguese to op- 
pose the du ch, remained quite subdued 
by them ( 16 6). 

The Brazils. — The war in the 
Brazils was prosecuted with the same 
heat. The pernambucans groaned under 
the hard iron of captivity, and expected 
but an happy moment to shake off the 
yoke of their oppressors. Fortune was 
not contrary on this occasion : a Portu- 
guese, John Fernandes Vieira, w T hose va- 
lour and pa riotism were extraordinary, 
appeared. Vieira had laid the bold and 
ardous plan of causing the death in the 
capital ofPernambuco all the dutch, who 
held any share in the government. This 
plan was discovered, and Vieira fled from 
the city. la short the undaun f ed Vieira 
had sufficient troops to make the dutch 
potency totter in the Brazils. Fortune 
had turned its back on the dutch, whose 
affairs decayed more and more. The 



D. JOHN IV. 



two contrary armies twice combatted in 
the skirts of Guararapes, and the dutch 
were always routed. 

Io 1 654 the last blow was struck to 
the dutch potency in the Brazils. The 
republicans, being frustrated of their 
hopes, capitulated, and were compelled 
to evacuate all the cities and places they 
possessed there. Thus, the portuguese, 
after such painful labours, gathered with 
a few hands the greenest laurels of war, 
sown by the immortal John Fernandes 
Vieira. 

DesrenJcnce of D John IV. — D. John 
IV had by D. Luisa de Gusmao, daughter 
of the duke of Medina Sidonia: 

D. Theodosius, prince of the Brazils 
and duke of Braganga, who died at the 
age of eighteen. 

D. Afonso, who succeeded his father, 
being born at Lisbon in 1643. 

D. Peter, successor to his brother, 
being born at Lisbon in 1648. 

D. Catharine, married to Charles II 
of England. 



D, AFONSO % 



rae victorious. 
(1656 ~ 1683). 

Character of D. Afonso VI. — England. 

— Cortes.— The infant D. Peter and tbe 
queen. — Imprisonment of the king. — Tho 
king since his deposition to his death — Battle 
of Badajos —Arrival of Schomberg. — Battle 
of Ameixial. — Battle of Castello Rodrigo 

— Battle of Montes Claros. — Peace. 

(Character of D. Afonso VI. — Afonso, 
on his accession to the crown, was thir- 
teen years of a;e. The queen assumed 
the regency, and the education of the 
new king was committed to the count 
of Oderaira. 

The education Afonso received did not 
raake him fit to govern a kingdom, and 
his reason was not very clear ; thus be- 
came the sport of his courtiers. 

At night the king wandered through 



D. &F0NSO YI, 



267 



the streets, hurting the passers bye. The 
infant D. Peter followed the steps of the 
king, attended by blusterers, so that the 
two brothers stood in competition one 
with another, respecting the number of 
their facinorous companions, and both 
committed every kind of insolences. Roth 
gave full scope to all their vicious incli- 
oations. It was on one of these nightly 
excursions, that the infant killed a citi- 
zen, who was on the beat. The whole 
odiousness of these shameful proceedings 
reflected on the king. 

England. — The regent D. Luisa en- 
tered with England into an alliance, 
which was strengthened by the marriage 
of the portuguese infanta with Charles 
II, who ascended the throne of Fngland 
after the death of Cromwell. She recei- 
ved a portion of two millions of cruza- 
do*. 

The treaty, that was then agreed, 
gave over to the english the fortress of 
Tanger and the island of Bombay ; it 
permitted them to settle themselves in 
the portuguese colonies of Asia and A- 
roerica ; and gave over to them all the 



§68 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTU&, 

territories, before belonging to the Por- 
tuguese, which they could take from the 
dutch. 

Kngland, on her side, promised to 
defend Portugal and her dominions, even 
as England herself; and was obliged to 
cause all the territories, of which the 
dutch would, from this time forward, 
take possession, to be given back again 
to the portuguese. 

This treaty, which was very unfa- 
vourable to Portugal, was also a great 
trick; for the conditions it imposed to 
the english, were never satisfied. 

Cones. — Whilst 1). Afonso directed 
the affairs, the cortes were never held. 
And this was perhaps a cause of his 
fall. Ultimately thei>//'ant D. Peter called 
together in 1668) the states, in which 
the kin} w as deposed, and the infant ap- 
pointed regent. 

During the regency of I) Peter, the 
cortes met three times. At the last time 
an object of moment was discussed. 
According to the cortes of Lamego, the 
princess, who had to inherit the crown, 
could not marry a foreigner. And as 1). 



D. Af ONSO VI. 



263 



Peter desired, that his daughter, then 
the only heiress, should marry the duke 
of Savoy, he assembled the cortes. The 
cortes allowed it, on condition of not 
serving as an example for the future. 

This event shows conclusively, that 
the laws, which are said to be made in 
the cortex of Lamego , were then in 
force. 

The infant D. Peter a»d the queen. — 
The infant D.Peter, associating with the 
queen, determined to usurp the throne 
of his brother. His partisans began to di- 
vulge, that men of honour, since the king 
was unfit to reign, exceedingly grieved, 
that he was not deposed and the infant 
proclaimed. 

A french fleet arriving in the Tagus, 
the queen the next day went out on pre- 
tence of walking, when the king was 
just upon the point of leaving for the 
country. The queen put herself in the 
convent of Esperanga , whence she 
wrote a letter to the king, acquainting 
him, that she had abandoned her coun- 
try, her relations and friends; that, m 
short, she had sold her estates to be- 



270 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUS . 

come his companion, thereby hoping to 
gain his favour ; that all her efforts to 
please hira were fruitless: she therefore 
begged to be allowed to return to 
France, requesting also that her dower 
might be restored. On the receipt of 
this letter, Afonso became furious, and 
flew directly to the convent of Espe- 
ranga, where he would certainly have 
demolished the gates, hid not the infant, 
who was probably warned for this pur- 
pose, arrived with a numerous retinue, 
and thus prevented such violence. The 
king returned to the palace. 

They began upon the spot to treat with 
great ardour the nullity of the marria- 
ge of the king, for the power belonged 
already to the infant, and the plea was 
quite his. 

Imprisonment of the king. — The par- 
tisans of the infant divulged, that the sta- 
te, into which the kingdom had been 
reduced, was so miserable, that it was 
impossible to return so greata sum of mo- 
ney as the portionof the queen : and that 
it wns no nove'tv, that a man should es- 
pouse the wife of his brother. And see- 



D, AF05S0 VI. 



171 



rogthat, to complete his work, it wanted 
only the arrest of the king, they resolved 
upon doing it. 

After dinner the king went to take a 
nap. The infant availed himself of the 
silence in the palace, directed himself to 
it, entered the bed-chamber of the king, 
and locked all the doors. The king awoke, 
and hearing anoiseinthe palace, rose 
from his bed, and, finding every door 
locked, to 'k uj> a loaded blunderbuss^ and 
began to beat one of them, crying out: a 
Ah, traitors, you have sold me! »( 1667). 

The infant remained at the palace with 
his train, and chose some of his atten- 
dants to putihe king under guard. 

D. Peter was appointed regent, and 
married the queen. 

The king since his deposition to his 
death. — D. Afonso remained some time 
imprisoned in his chamber: but there- 
gent, being aware that he wished to go 
to Villa Vigosa, proposed tohim, that the 
castle of the island Terceira was a health- 
ful place, and that he could take exercise 
there, because it was very spacious. Afon- 
go accepted the proposal, and entered the 



272ABR1DGEMEIS T OF THEHISTORY OF PORTUG* 



island in 1069. He did not remain 

here a long time, because a plot to set 
the king at liberty was discovered* which 
induced the regent to cause the king 
to go out of the island. Afonso VI redded 
at Gmtra till the year of 1683 in which 
he died. 

Bank of BvUp*. — The death of 
JohnlV^ave a matchless joy to the Span- 
iards, who entertained the fluttering 
hopes of subduing again Prtugal. But 
during all this reign the portuguese show- 
ed them the welted ed^e of their arms. 
In 16J-7 was appointed governor of 
Alemtejo the illustrious captain John Men- 
des de V^sconcellos, who, not satisfied of 
keeping himself in defense, invaded Badajos. 
The duke of St. German governed this town. 
The portuguese issailed the fort of St. 
Christopher; but being beaten back with 
great loss, they assaulted that of St. Mi- 
chae/. After an assault of four hours, the 
fort was taken with great slaughter on 
the side of the Spaniards. 

Battle of the lines of Elms. — Tbf 
new* of this victory resounded at Madrid 
with a sorrowful echo, nod D. Luis de 



B. AfOSSO VI. 



173 



Haro went without delay, and iaid siege 
to Elvas, where S^ncho Mnnoei was the 
commander. The portuguese, rather than 
submit to the Spaniards, seemed w r tiling 
to encounter every danger and to risk 
every extremity ; and gave information 
of this resolution to the count of Canta- 
nbede, who then governed the province 
of Alemtejo. He determined to attack the 
onemies in the very in trench meats, fall- 
ing on a sudden upon them and driving 
ihem away. 

Arrival of Schomberg. — In spite of the 
triumphs, Portugal felt the fatal results 
of war: the public treasure was exhaust- 
ed, and the people reduced to the great- 
est misery. In order to avoid Mitfh a great 
c»tastrophe t the regent remembered to 
implore the assistance of the most chris- 
tian king. Seven or eigth thousand men t 
paid bv the king of France, and com- 
manded by the famous general Schomberg, 
arrived in Portugal. 

Battle of Ameixiil. — P« John de Aus- 
tria, nalurai son of D. Philippe, resolved 
to rea'ize bis great projects, began by ta- 
king the far tress sfgyora ; and hisisroad^ 



274 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG . 

arrived at Alcacer do Sal, where the bar- 
barities of the Spaniards frightened the 
whole of the province. The commander D. 
SanchoManoel, at the head of the Portu- 
guese army, encountered D. John de Aus- 
tria in the Gelds ofAmeixial, and the two 
generals put their armies in array. A 
battle was fought courageously on both 
sides, but victory declared itself in favour 
of the portuguese (1683). 

Battle of Castello Rodrigo. — In 1661 
took place the battle of Castello Rodri- 
go. The duke ofOssuna, resolving to take 
this fortress, fell upon it, but he was re- 
pelled by the gallantry of the Portugue- 
se, who, after this affair, asked the assis- 
tance of Peter Jacques de MagalhSes, go- 
vernor of the province ofBeira. This bra- 
ve general marched immediately, appear- 
ed before the fort, and, engaging with 
the enemy, remained victorious. 

Battle of Monies Ctnnw — D. John de 
Austria was now substituted bv the mar- 
quis of Carracena, who had boasted of 
penetrating as far as Lisbon. But this 
boasting soon dissipated, and he remain- 
ed content by besieging VilJa Vifosa. 



I?. AFONSO YI. 



175 



The marquis of Marialva collected his 
army, and encamped in the fields of Mon- 
ies Claros. The Spaniards left their in- 
trenchments, and came to an engagement. 
This bloody action lasted many hours, 
till at lenght the enemy gave in (1663). 

Peare. — The war continued till the 
year of 166^. The minds of men in ge- 
neral were set upon peace, which was at 
last concluded, the infant D. Peter l eing 
already regent. This war (named resto- 
ration) lasted twenty eight years. About 
this time Philippe was not alive, and his 
son Gharles II reigned in his place. 



18 * 



D. PETER II, 



THE PEACEFUL , 

(1683—1706). 

Character of D. Peter II. — War of the 
great alliance. — Treaty of Methuen.— Des- 
cendence of D. Peter II. 

(^/haracler of D. Peter II. — A king, 
without an illustrated and fecund educa- 
tion, can in no wise reign to the entire 
satisfaction of his subjects, being always 
the sport of favourites. Portugal bore 
this unhappiness in the reign of D.Peter 
II. The whole of the attention of this mo- 
narch, during his youth, was to try his 
strength , inviting for this amusement 
all the mulattos of his brother D. Afon- 
so, who boasted of being strong. He had 
more than twenty ferocious bull-dogs, 
and ordered the mulattos to attack them 
sword in hand. If any one attempted to 
be surprised at this madness, would soon 



D. PETER, n. 277 

lose his favour. A king, thus amusing 
himself, could not at all render famous 
his reign by means of actions only pro- 
per to immortalize his name. 

D. Peter was not born to be crowned, 
even he had no art to usurp a crown. It 
were his favourites, who made him usur- 
per. In effect, if D. Afonso VI had no pre- 
spicacity and discernment to support that 
majesty, reign with discretion, and spread 
contentment amongst his subjects, Peter 
likewise wanted aptness for this. Neither 
of the two possessed a proper movement 
to handle the objects, which required a 
greater perception: it was here that the 
favourites managed the levers, which 
moved him. For bad actions both were 
naturally addicted. 

During the reign of D. Peter the cor- 
tes were held but once. And thus died the 
national representation, that was brought 
to life again but in 1820. 

War of he great aUimce. — Charies 
II, king of Spain, dying without issue, 
left by will his crown to his nephew Phi- 
lippe duke of Anjou. The king of Spain 
had no right to make such a grant, The 



278 ABRIDOEMENTOF THE H* SIORY OF PORTUG-- 

crowns, after being possessed by those, 
to whom the people allowed them, felt 
again into the hands of their legitimate 
masters, who are the people themselves. 
The archduke Char es, son of the empe- 
ror Leopold, claimed the right of this 
succession. This gave rise to a very bloody 
war, that wrapt a great part of Kurope 
in its flames. The mosi christian king Luis 
XIV took the plea in defence of Philippe 
his grand-son ; Leopold procteted his son, 
confederated with many european states . 

D; Peter can not help being harshly 
accused, because, in stead of remaining 
in peaceful neutrality, he intruded him- 
self in a war, which, in case of succeeding, 
wou'd have given to him very few advan- 
tages. Portugal played a very shamefaced 
part, that of the low venality, siding first 
with Philippe, and soon after quitting his 
party for that of Charles, by the sugges- 
tions of England. 

In the beginning, the portuguese con- 
tributed much to the good upshot of 
the undertaking of Charles. The valorous 
count of Galveas, at the head of the 
Portuguese army, carried by storm (he 



D. PETER II, 



place of Valenga, and Albuquerque yielded 
to Galloway, who had beset this town, by 
order of the count himself. The marquis of 
Mmas, receiving the command of the Por- 
tuguese army, assailed ^alvaterra, which 
in a short time threw itself on the mer- 
cy of the enemy. In fine, he besieged the 
very important fortress of Badajos. The 
besieged resisted boldly the strong as- 
saults, and the marquis of Minas raised 
the siege, not to waste vainly any time. 

The marquis, receiving information 
that Philippe* obliged to raise the siege 
of l-arcelona, had gone out to France, came 
back to Madrid, where he intended 
to unite with Charles, to completely des- 
troy the contrary party. This fecund idea 
of the marquis had not the effect, after 
which he entertained. The marches of 
Charles were over slow, and he was vet 
at Guadalaxara, w r hen the duke of 
Berwick, and Philippe quicker than his 
rival, appeared upon Madrid with a lar- 
ge army. The marquis of Minas retired 
to this citv, and went to unite himself 
with the austrian prince. 

Treaty of Alethuen. — D. Peter not con- 



380£3fcIDG mm? OF TJlfi HISTOBY OF , 

tent— says a modern writer — of giving 

up tie kingdom to devastation, engaging 
her without necessity in a war, which 
offered to him imaginary profits, as they 
depended on the chances of fortune, 
caused also Portugal to lose, in the time 
of peace, what could remain ofthescour- 
ge of war. 

Peter put this in execution through a 
commercial treaty made with England, 
commonly called theMethuen treaty, the 
ne. ociators of which were suborned by 
the bri: ish government with a great sum 
of money. The english, who saw him 
wheedled by the deceitful hopes of the 
augment of consideration and territory , 
as they had painted it to induce him 
to make war with rhilippe of Anjou, 
deemed this ati opportunity also to 
induce him to sacrifice the whole Portu- 
guese industry for that of the british. 
In this way, England, at the same 
time, on the one hand ravaged the 
kingdom with war, and on the other 
destroyed all the portuguese manufactu- 
ries, knocking up both portuguese plough -: 
and wea?er^ looms, 



B. PETE& IX, 



281 



Id this ?ery fetal treaty, D* Peter pro- 
mised, ia his name aad in that of his 
successors, to admit in Portugal all wol- 
len-cloths and all the manufactures ma- 
de by the english ; who promised to ad- 
mit in return the wines of Portugal, 
with the diminution of a third part of 
the rights paid by the french wines. 

Descendence of D* Peter II — From 
♦he first marriage D. Peter had an only 
daughter, IJ. Elizabeth. 

From his second marriage with D. 
Mary Sofia, daughter of the palatine ele- 
ctor, were born: 

D. John, who succeeded his father, 
being born at Lisbon in 1*589. 

Besides this last, he had many other 
children. 



D JOHN V, 



THE SJAGSANIMOUS, 

(1706—1750). 

Character of John V. — Results ofthe> 
gold of the Brazils. — Continuation of the 
war of the great alliance. — Succour given to 
the pope. — Convent of Mafra. — The aque- 
duct of the Aguas Livres. — St. John the 
Baptist chapel, and other monuments. — 
De scendenco of D. John V. 

^yharacler of I). John V. — Praise- 
worthy and reproachful qualities consti- 
tuted the character of D. John V. Pene- 
trated by a religious zeal badly under- 
stood, wished to establish at Lisbon two 
episcopal cathedrals, the eastern part 
being governed by the ancient metropo- 
litan, the western by a patriarch. The 
first patriarch was D. Thomas de Almei- 
da bishop of Porto. Afterwards he wish- 
ed the abolition of the ancient metropo- 



D. JOHN V. 



283 



lis, and the patriarchal church remained 
only. The popes granted all this, and 
gave to the king of Portugal the title of 
the mat faithful king. They received in 
exchange one hundred and eighty odd 
millions of cruzados. Such exorbitances 
cannot he praised. 

The money of the state was also ex- 
pended in endowing churches, building 
convents, and ordering masses to be per- 
formed for the dead. This last inclina- 
tion assumed more madness on the part 
of John V than any thing else, who or~ 
dered masses to be performed almost every 
instant, as soon as he was acquainted 
with the death of any one. This conduct, 
which would be commendable, if it was 
concentred in the limils of reason, pro- 
ved an extraordinary absurdity being car- 
ried to such a degree. 

The result of his great dissipation was 
to die poor. In the treasury there was 
neither money nor credit to defray the 
funeral expenses. A private gentleman lent 
it. Thus, the shroud of; he richest king of 
his time was, as it were, obtained by 
aim*. 



234 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY 01 PORTUGc, 

ft is here that Voltaire defines the cha- 
racter of D. John V : « His feasts wer© 
processions, his buildings monasteries , 
and his mistresses nuns. » According to 
our opinion, John V does not deserve 
all the vehemence of the reproach of Vol- 
taire. I he king had, it is true, mistresses, 
and was exceedingly fond of processions, 
convents and friars : but he had also other 
tendencies and occupations. The coura- 
ge and zeal he displayed during an epi- 
demy, which devastated Portugal, com- 
mended his name. 

The institution of an historical aca- 
demy and the protection he gave to learn- 
ed men rendered him a great Mecenas, 
frequently invoked by the writers of this 
period. And if the works of this academy 
were not very useful, it is because the 
Portuguese literature resented yet the 
slavery it had endured during almost six- 
ty years, and gongorism had thrown out 
deep roots. D. John V adored literature 
and arts, at least he protected them: 
it was not his fault, but that of the age, if 
the literature he protected was not so 
sublime. The twilight of the rehabilitate 



D. JOHN Y. 



285 



on of portuguese literature, shone, indeed, 
during his reign. Lastly the aqueduct of 
the Aguas Livres is a glorious monument 
of this king. 

Results of the gold of the Brazils. — Du- 
ring this reign the brazilian gold flowed 
abundantly to the ports of Lisbon. And 
as money is the first mover of every th/ng, 
it was not possible, that Portugal would 
indifferently see it shine so magnificently. 
In act, Portugal took in this reign an 
entirely new aspect. The traces of the 
stay of the moors in the Peninsula were 
dissipated. Women, who till now lived 
within their houses, went out, and ren- 
dered more delightful the society of men; 
theatres, feasts and assemblies being esta- 
blished. 

Magnificence and luxury surpassed 
those of the last reigns. Luxury, often a 
valid document of the culture of the liberal 
arts of a country, and the most proper 
organ for the distribution of the wealth of 
the rich classes by the working class, did 
not perform so gr^at a service to Portugal. 
The american gold was enough to buy all. 
Agriculture, which ought to be the first 



286abriogement of the history of portly 

branch of the prosperity of Portugal, was 
neglected : parisian tailors carae and 
changed the ancient dress of the Portugue- 
se : fereign cooks excited their appetites 
and the italian music substituted the 
coarse symphonies, that were till at present 
used. But it were England and Rome, that 
chiefly absorbed the enormous treasures 
of the Brazils. Clothes, aliments, materials 
for construction, and many other things, 
all came from Great Britain. 

CouLiri'iation of the war of the nreat 
alliance. — The war was still carried on 
with the same spirit. The duke of Berwick 
had reinforced the frencharmy, and thus 
would change fortune, that showed itseli 
contrary to the arms of Philippe, On his 
side, the marquis of Minas, a Portuguese, 
general, and the earl of Galloway, com- 
mander in chief of the english and dutch, 
sought new occasions to signalize them- 
selves. 

Near Almansa the two armies came to 
an engagement; and after an horrible 
carnage, thirteen portuguese regiments 
were taken prisoners. But in the cam- 
paign of 1710 the portuguese had better 



D. JOHN V. 



fortune on the fields of Sarago<ja. The 
earl of Staramberg, general of the allies, 
and the portuguese generals, the counts 
of Atouguia and Assumar, performed 
many feats of valour. 

So lasting and so active a war, which 
for a long while left traces throughout 
almost all Europe, began to tire the bel- 
ligerent powers. Portugal , Spain and 
France, signed an armestice at Utrecht 
in 1712. At lenght the portuguese ple- 
nipotentiaries consolidated the peace in 
1715. Philippe V was placed in the list 
of the catholic kings. 

Suaohr given to the pope. — Many 
years were not elapsed, when a new op- 
portunity caused the portuguese to fly 
again to arms. Thesuitan had taken from 
the venitians the peninsula of Morea, and 
premeditated that of Corfu, which also 
belonged to the venitians, and was look- 
ed upon as a bulwark of Italy ( 17 ! 6), 

The success of the ottoman arms cau» 
sed a profound terror all over Christendoms 
Fearing they might make themselves 
masters ofthe island, andfallupon Italy, 
the pope asked aid from D. John V, 



288 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTLfc. 

who immediately fitted out a squadron, 
the command of which he trusted the 
count of Rio Grande with; but he return- 
ed to the Tagus without making any 
motion against the enemies. The next 
year he again directed himself to the Me- 
diterranean, and, covered with laurels, 
returned home. 

Convent of Mafra. — A very glorious 
monument of D. John V is certainly the 
convent of Mafra. This stately building 
must not only be contemplated asanoon- 
sequence of the caprice of a opulent 
monarch, but as a focus, whence arose 
the culture of mecanic and liberal arts in 
Portugal. Considerable sums went out, 
indeed, to foreign nations to purchase 
various things; but these things were 
patterns for the portuguese. These good 
results were, however, not lasting. The 
sumptuous monastery of Mafra, built to 
fulfil a vow he had made for successors, 
is a monument of italian architecture. 

The first stone of this monstrous 
building was laid in 1716. Two hundred 
thousand cruzados were expended on fhh> 



D. JOHX V. 



- 289 



first solemnity. The building of this work 
look thirteen years, and about thirty work- 
men were daily employed* 

The aqueduct of the Aquas Livres.— 
Nothing magnifies so much the memory 
of D. John V, as the admirable aqueduct 
of the Aguas Livres, one of the most 
beautiful monuments of Lisbon. Any tra- 
veller, coming to Portugal, wishes im- 
mediately to see this gigantic monument* 
and in his astonishment certifies that, it 
is the only one of this kind throughout 
all Europe. 

The population of Lisbon, notwith- 
standing the riches of this citv, could not 
increase for want of water. Lisbon would 
have been little better than the ward of 
Alfama^ without John V, or any other 
king , who would imitate him. In this 
district there were only four fountains, 
some wells and cisterns. All the rest, that 
now occupies the city, were fields with 
some convents. Nineteen years were em- 
ployed in the construction of this aque- 
duct. Thirty fountains received water 
from it, eighteen within the city, and 
twelve without, 

19 



290 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG. 

St. John the Baptist chapel, and other 
monuments. — The chapel of S. John the 
Baptist in the church of S. Roque cost 
two millions of cmzados. A very rich cha- 
pel of mosaic was constructed at Rome 
and set up provisionally in the church of 
S. Peter. Afterwards it was consecrated* 
and Benedict XIV performed there once 
mass, which cost one hundred thousand 
cruzados, that the pope received as alms. 
The solemnity being ended, the chapel 
was taken to pieces, put into boxes, and 
sent out to the Portugal. 

D. John V formed four rich libraries, 
one at the university of Coimbra, another at 
Mafra, a third at the palace, and the fourth 
at the congregation of the oraiory. This 
king founded three manufactories , one 
for silks, another for glass, a third for mo- 
rocco, and lastly a paper-mill. He esta- 
blished two magnificent houses serving 
as depositories for arms, one at Lisbon, 
the other at Estremoz. He also established 
a mint. It was this king, who ordered the 
small hospital at Caldas to be newly con- 
structed. Finally, D. John ordered the river 



D. JOHN T. 



291 



Tagus to be widened and straightened 
down from Santarem. 

D srendence of D. John V. — D. John 
V had by D. Mary Anne of Austria : 

D. Joseph, who was born in 1711, 
He succeeded his father. 

D. Peter, wfab was born in 1717. He 
married his niece Mary, heiress of the 
kingdom, 



19 * 



D. JOSEPH, 



THE REFORMER, 

(1750 — 1777). 

Character of D. Joseph.— Character of the 
marquis of Pombal.— The marquis of Pom- 
ba! before entering into the favour of D, Jo- 
seph. — Laws and other works. — Academy of 
the arcades. — Earthquake at Lisbon. — Con* 
spiration. — Expulsion of the jesuites.— -War 
against Spain.— Descendence of D. Joseph. 

(Character of D. Joseph. — The phrase, 
reign of D. Joseph, signifies administration 
of Sebastian Joseph de Carvalho e Mello, 
tnarqnis of Pombal. Extreme credulity and 
timidity, some say, marked the character of 
this king: his predominant defects, others 
say, were pusillanimity and jealousy. D. 
Joseph, being deprived of the ability re- 
quisite to govern wisely, amusing him- 
self principally with music, had only the 
figure of a king ; for he was an automa- 



D. JOSEPH. 



293 



ton, whose movements were disposed of 
by the expert and subtle hands of his mi- 
nister, who left him but the mask of 
majesty. It was the marquis, who reallr 
reigned. 

Character of (he marquis of Pombal. 
— The character of the marquis was an 
aggregate of great virtues and great vices : 
the latter prevailing upon the former. 
The city of Lisbon thrown down by the 
fatal catastrophe of the first of november 
1755, and all being misery and horror, 
the marquis then was a matchless man, 
displaying an even heroic energy. In or- 
der to encourage industry, he inspired 
this monarch with the patriotic resolu- 
tion of dressing himself with saragoea, a 
cloth of national texture. The king publicly 
appearing so dressed notwithstanding its 
low price, almost every one imitated him ; 
thus above a million oicruzados remain- 
ed in Portugal, which would have been 
sent to England. 

To show the elevated character of the 
marquis, it is enough to quote a part of 
a note full of dignity and vigour, sent to 
Great Britain in the course of a diploma- 



294 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG , 

tic correspondence between the two na- 
tions, when the marquis demanded a sa- 
tisfaction, because the english had burnt 
some French ships near the coast of Al- 
garve. « I know r very well — said he — 
that your cabinet has till now governed 
ours; but I know also, that this must al- 
ready finish. If my antecessors have had 
the weakness of allowing all you have 
wanted, I will grant but what is just. 
Such is my last resolution. You can do 
as you like. » England gave the satis- 
faction. 

At length, the marquis of Pombal, ha- 
ving found exhausted the public treasure 
in the beginning of his ministry, and ha- 
ving expended considerable sums in dif- 
ferent works, principally in rebuilding 
Lisbon, it is said that, at the close of his 
administration, seventy eight millions of 
crumdos* were left in the public coffers. 

The memory of the marquis, however, 
does not merit the elogies, that are ge- 
nerally given to him. He exercised a de- 
gree of cruelty seldom equalled and never 
exceeded, chiefly against the noblemen 
and the jesuites. Many were arrested 



D. JOSEPH. 



and banished without any process ; many 
were imprisoned for a long time with- 
out knowing the cause of such. 

The reign of D. John V had been ab- 
solute by inclination or by instinct; that 
of L). Joseph was absolute by system and 
calculation. The reign of Luis XIV in 
France was the model of the marquis of 
Pombal. 

The government of Pombal in Portu- 
gal, as w ell as that of very few others si- 
milar in other nations, is a political mira- 
cle, which takes place only with the in- 
terval of ages. They can be somewhat 
indulgent towards his ministry, and shut 
their eyes to his despotism, for having em- 
ployed it in favour of the national pros- 
perity,, 

The marquis of Pombal before entering 
into the favour of D. Joseph — Carvalho 
e Mello was born of an illustrious family 
in 1699. In the course of his life he 
showed always a violent character, what 
gave rise D. John V to say, that he had 
hairs on his hearr. After studying at the 
university of Coimbra, he entered the 
military career, which he shortly resigned.. 



2§6abridgemen t t of the history or portug 

He was thirty four years of age, when 
he married D.Tereza de Noronha, daughter 
of the count of Arcos, in spite of the 
very strong opposition of all her relations, 
It is said, that from this time he en- 
tertained an interior hatred against the 
nobility. The union of CarvaUio and 
Tereza lasted a short period. Five years 
were elapsed, when she died. Carvalha 
had gone as plenipotentiary to Vienna, 
and there resided, when he was acquaint- 
ed with this event. Then, protected hv 
the queen Mary Anne, he espoused even 
in Vienna Eleanor Ernestina, daughter 
of the count of Aun. 

He also owed to the protection of the 
same queen his introduction into the mi- 
nistry in the reign of D Joseph ; and how 
he succeeded in occupying the first place 
in the favour of this monarch, it was so. 
Carvalho introduced himself industriously 
into the council of a king, by whom every 
one was in the right, and who always sided 
with the last speaker. He remarked that 
every minster en o\ed by turns the royal 
favour. This circumstance was to discou- 
rage a man of genius, whose rising for- 



D. JOSEPH. 



297 



tune amazed the court, who was sensible 
of his own superiority, and feared his am- 
bition should be perceived. However, he 
did not beg for the royal favour, nor 
sought to have conferences with the king. 
No art, no craft, no fraud, were employed 
to ruin his rivals, who in intrigues were 
perhaps as able as he was; he indicated the 
inconveniences of the incoherent proposals 
made by his colleagues, foresaw their 
results, and remained silent. In the 
beginning his opinions were slighted ; 
but he had courage to keep the same 
method : and his prognostics being re- 
alized always, the other ministers ac- 
knowledged his superiority, and were more 
modest in their plans. The king thought 
that God had sent to him a prophet to di- 
rect the affairs of his states, and, after 
having believed every one, believed only 
Carvalho. 

Laws and other works. — The marquis 
of Pombal gave forth many salutary laws. 
He laid restrictions on the tribunals of 
the inquisition, and forbade the spectacles 
of barbarity, impiously named ac*s of 
faith, to be public. He improved the ar- 



298ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG* 

my, restored the marine: prohibited ths 
slave trade : established a -public deposito- 
ry : created a commercial junta, and put 
a school of commerce under its direction: 
instituted several commercial companies: 
created manufactories of silks,, woollen 
drapery, hats, chinaware, playing cards; 
settled apr.nting office: encouraged agri- 
culture: made a capital reformation in 
the statutes of the university of Coim- 
bra. 

Inline, he erected in Black Horse Square 
(Terreiro do Pago) a collossal equestrian 
statue, which is a superb monument of 
the highest degree of perfection, executed 
by Ihe portuguese artists, much superior 
than the greatness of the king,, to whose 
memory it was raised* 

Academy of tar Qrcc^e*. — A man cele- 
brious by his taleat and perspicuity of 
his ideas mado then a revolution in the 
Portuguese literature. Luis Antony Ver- 
ney, by means of his wart intitled, verda- 
deiro methodo de estudar, raised a new ban- 
ner in the literary field, and succeeded in 
destroying the sluggishness, in which those 
spirits were cast In 1756 the acade- 



D. JOSEPH. 



299 



mv of the arcades was founded by Diniz 
da Cruz, Esteves Negrao and Gomes de 
Carvalbo. The arcady studied principally 
the authors of the age of Camoes, made 
the very classical language to revive, and 
banished many gallicisms, which blemish- 
ed it. But in 1777 this very useful in- 
stitution ceased to exist. 

Earthquake at Lisbon. — The inhabi- 
tants of Lisbon solemnized all-saints day, 
on the first of november 1755, when, at 
nine o'clock in the morning, different 
buildings began to tremble with a dreadful 
movement, attended by an horrid subter- 
raneous din. Immediately the houses be- 
gan to fall, and deep gaps to open in 
the earth. The sun darkened with vapours 
rising from the earth, and with the dust 
from the buildings, which had fallen and 
were yet falling, produced a truly fright- 
ful spectacle. Many, thiuking that they 
would save their lives, ran to the banks 
of the Tagus; but the sea, exceeding its 
ordinary level, three times entered upon 
land and carried them off. 

The termination of so great a disaster 
was the incendary, which ignited in ma- 



300 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG, 

ny parts of the city, consuming many 
millions, that had been spared by the 
earthquake. The victims, imprisoned in 
the ruins, were then devoured by the 
flames. 

During all this perturbation, thieves 
profited themselves, facing the flames, and 
robbing what they rescued. But upon the 
spot active orders were issued and many 
were sentenced to death. A'so well regu- 
lated measures w ere taken to furnish with 
subsistence those people, who had fled to 
the country, which came from different 
parts of Portugal, and from the neigh- 
bouring kingdoms. 

Conspiration. — In 1758 a plot broke 
out. The duke of Aveiro, the marquis of 
Tavora, his wife and sons, D. Luis and 
D. Joseph, and the count of Atouguia, 
were the principal ringleaders. The una- 
nimity of the authors, who wrote this 
event, is not very great. 

Much contributed most decidedly to 
this tragedy the illicit affections of the 
king. He was vanquished by the charms 
of D. Tereza wife of D. Luis, who how- 
ever did not dare to avenge himself. The 



1). JOSEPH. 



301 



duke of Aveiro, the chiefeonspirer, avail- 
ed himself of this oportunity, and de- 
bauched the family of Tavora. Peter Tei- 
xeira, favourite of the king, protected his 
correspondence with D. Tereza. A few 
days, before the queen of Spain had died, 
and D. Joseph ought not to have gone 
out of the palace, owing to the court 
mourning; but by night he went un- 
observed in the carriage of Peter Tei- 
xeira to the house of D. Tereza. The 
conspirators profited by one of these 
nightly excursions, in which the king 
was dangerously wounded. 

More than three months had elapsed, 
that the people did not speak of the con- 
spirers, w ho were uncautions of any thing, 
when Carvalho e Mello arrested them ; 
and were sentenced to die in the square 
at Belem. 

Expulsion of the jesuites. — One of the 
most important events recorded in the 
history of Portugal is the expulsion of the 
jesuites, which the one highly approved of, 
and the other highly reproved. A decree 
was issued in 1759, by which the jesuites 
w«re expulsed from Portugal. In virtue of 



302 ABRIDGEMENTOF THE HISTORY OF PORTUG* 

this decree, the jesuites, who resided iri 
Portugal and the ultramarine possessions, 
were transported to Italy, where the pope 
received them kindly. 

The marquis, not satisfied with their 
banishment from Portugal , established 
energetic negociations with other courts, 
in order to completely abolish the com- 
pany of Jesus, what he obtained by a 
btiH of Clement XIV, the celebrious Gan- 
ganelli, which was issued in 1773, two 
hundred and thirty three years after its 
institution. 

War against Spain. — Some years after 
George II, king of England, and Luis XV 
king of France, waged one against the 
other an active war, when, on account of 
the aggressions the first power had made 
against Spain, Charles HI, king of this 
nation, declared war to it (1761). 

The portuguese cabinet feared in not 
being able to maintain for a long time 
the neutrality, what was too difficult to 
be respected, on account of the deplorable 
state, into which the kingdom was re- 
duced. Being determined not to declare 
itself against England, if it could not re- 



D. JOSEPH. 



31)3 



main neutral, solicited her support; as 
soon as its ministers was acquainted with 
the hostile preparations of Spain. It had. 
just obtained the certainty of a strong 
protection, when the ministers of France 
arid Spain at Lisbon asked that Portugal 
might follow them in this contest, and 
declared that the Spanish troops should 
enter Portugal, and that his nwst (aitli- 
j'ul majesty might treat them as friends 
or enemies. The ministry declared war to 
the allied courts, as soon as they A\ere 
aware, that a Spanish army, commanded 
by the marquis of Sarria, had penetrated 
into Portugal, and had possessed himself 
of the province of Traz-os-Monles. The 
auxiliaries, promised by England, arrived, 
with theearl of Lippe ot their head. 

The earl of Lippe received from the 
king an absolute power, for all operations, 
At first he occupied himself in levying 
an army, and restoring the fortifications 
of the frontier towns. But this was consist- 
ed only of slight combats. The Spanish 
army retreated unexpectedly, owing to 
the discord of its generals. 

All the belligerent powers desiring to 



304 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTRY OF PORTUG, 

rest, preliminaries of peace between 
France and Spain on one side, and Great 
Britain and Portugal on the other, were 
signed at Fontainebleau in 1762, and 
succeeded by a decisive peace between the 
two powers. 

Detcendence of D. Joseph. — -D. Joseph 
had by D. Mary Anne Victoria, daughter 
of Philippe V of Spain: 

D. Alary Francisca, who succeeded her 
father, was born at Lisbon in 1734. 

D. Mary Benedicta, who espoused her 
nephew D. Joseph, 



d. Mary, 



THE PIOUS, 



(1777—1816). 



Character of D. Mary I. and D Peler UL 
—State of finances. — Different institutions 
and public works made during this reign. 
— The marquis of Pombal after the death of 
D. Joseph. — Expedition to Roussillon. — 
The institution of the academy of sciences 
at Lisbon. — D. Mary turns a lunatic. — D. 
Chariot Joaquina. — Agitation of the Portu- 
guese cabinet.— Treaty of Fontainebleau. — 
Entrance ot Junot in Portugal: The royal 
family departs to the Brazils.— -Junot in Por- 
tugal. — Arrival of an english army into 
Portugal. — Second invasion in Portugal by 
the french. — Last invasion by the frencb. 
— The Portuguese invade France. — Descen- 
dence of D. Mary I. 



X^sharacler of D. Mary /, and Peter III. 
— D. Mary was too liable to fanatic and 
5uperstitious ideas, which rendered her 
unable to reign prosperously. Excessively 




20 



306 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HiSORY OF PORTUG 

filled with pious thoughts, she devoted 
herself wholly to the exercises of religion 
and acts of beneficence she spent ber ti- 
me in thecloisters talking with the nuns, 
built convents, endowed pious settle- 
ments, while her ministers directed accor- 
ding to their desires the state affairs, and 
caused the ruin of the country. 

The king D. Peter III, as devout as 
his wife, never intermeddled in public 
affairs. He like 1 music and theatres and 
lived at Queluz in continual banquets and 
fetes. If he was ever invited to be pre- 
sent at the council, he was a motionless 
beholder of every discussion. Thus Pe- 
ter acted his part among the monarchy 
only leaving as a monument of his royal 
dignity his effigies engraved on the coin. 

Stale ol finances. — The ministry, ap- 
pointed by I). Mary I, was formed of 
men unable to exercise such high offi- 
ces. It will be enough to say, that the 
wife of a minister did really ask an au- 
thorisation to administer their own house, 
showing the unaptness of her husband. 
And this man, unable to administer his 
house, was appointed to direct the pu~ 



D. MARY I. 



307 



h\ic treasure. For this reason, the minis- 
ter himself, having exhausted the consi- 
derable sums left by the last administra- 
tion, had recourse to the admission of 
paper money. Without this measure, an 
illustrate ministry, that knew how to 
fecundify the great recourses of the na- 
tion, would easily have retrieved ih% fi- 
nances. 

Different institutions and public works 
made during this reign. — Notwithstand- 
ing the unaptiiess of the leaders of the 
state, many useful things were done in the 
present reign, as were; the academy of 
sciences, the casa-pia (pious house) , a 
house for disabled soldiers, the rope-yarn 
of Junqueira, the convent of the heart 
of Jesus near Estrella, a school of forti- 
fication, the academy of midshipmen, the 
marine-hospital, the public library, a ca- 
binet of natural history. Astronomers and 
naturalists were sent out to America to 
observe its extent, climate and produ- 
ctions. There was made with Kngland a 
commercial treaty, by which the english 
woollen drapery, which , according to the 
Mcthuen treatv, paid twenty three pet 

* 20 * 



39 BRIDGE MEN! OF THE HISTORY OF PORTU& . 

cent, paid but thirty. But this conven- 
tion was put into execution only until 
1810. 

The marquis (f Pombal after thedeaili 
of D. Joseph. — The marquis ©fPombal, 
perceiving that his country would be un- 
grateful towards his important services, 
determined to close his political career : 
he resigned his post of first minister, 
and went to the town of Pombal. Instead 
of enjoying tranquillity at his seat, he 
daily experienced the severest mortifica- 
tions ; but what he thought to have to- 
tally escaped, now unexpectedly burst 
upon him: this was the revisal of the 
sentence against the nobles executed in 
1759. The queen heard the counsels of 
the most upright magistrates, who said, 
that such a behaviour, besides not being 
founded on justice, blemished themerao- 
tv of the late king. The nobles made use 
of the religious element in favour of 
their cause; and the confessor of the 
queen frightened so much her imagina- 
tion, showing her responsibility before 
God, if she did not repair the injustices 
of her father, that she readily agreed 



fc. MARY I. 



30S 



with. A commission was appointed to 
consider over again the above mention- 
ed sentence. 

In the interrogatories before the jud- 
ges sent to Pombal, he limited his an- 
swers by saying: « The king did deter- 
mine it so: I did but put his orders into 
execution. » M length, the innocence of 
the persons capitally punished, and also 
of those who had been imprisoned as 
having conspired against the king s life, 
was declared (17SU. They remarked, 
that some of the commissioners had been 
concerned in the sentence pronounced in 
1759. The common magistrates opposed 
the official publication of the last deci- 
sion. Mystery seems- to have attended the 
court of Portugal throughout every step 
in the whole of these transactions. Lastly 
the queen issued a decree, wherein the 
marquis was declared a criminal, and 
deserving capital punishment; but that, 
in consideration of his advanced age and 
infirmities, the queen, having consulted 
her clemency rather than justice, tought 
fit to grant him lile 5 ins tm&hmhhm%hiin 



31 ((abridgement or the history of pqrtus 

oaly to the distance of twentv league* 
from her court. 

This great statesman lived at Pombal 
till the year 1782, when he died, being 
in the eighty third year of his age. 

The marquis of Pombal was a man of 
a matchless activity. He rose at the 
break of day, dining almost every day 
at a very late hour. After dinner, he 
rode out in a chaise with a friar, a re- 
lation of his, a man, as is said, of an ex- 
traordinary stupidity. This ride out was 
for the marquis his greatest amusements 
In short he returned to the cabinet, in 
which he was busy till a dead hour of 
the night. 

The marquis left a very contradictory, 
but no ordinary memory. His numerous 
enemies reputed, him as a monster: his 
partisans, so numerous as the former, 
looked upon him as the saviour of the 
country. The people , that rejoiced at 
his downfall, in many instances shew- 
ed th^ir sorrow for not seeing him 
govern. We never considered the mar- 
quis an a learned man, we do not pre- 



D. MARY I; 



311 



sent him as a mode! : he is not a great 
man, but extraordinary. 

Expedition to Roussillor}. — Europe 
beginning to wage war Against France, 
Portugal acted but as an auxiliary of 
Spain, which she ought to assist, accord- 
ing to the treaties, when Spain should 
require it. In 1793 a portuguese army 
went out from Portugal, and landed at 
Catalonia . The french had penetrated as 
far as the above place and Arragon. 

The arrival of the poiluguese raised 
the ^pirit of the Spaniards. The all ied army 
penetrated into Roussillon, obtained seve- 
ral victories, and compelled the enemy 
to seek refuge in the city of Perpignan. 
In 1794, general Dugambier marched 
to the Pyrenees, took piisouer a portu- 
guese regiment in the battle of Pons de 
Moulins, killed the count of Union, com- 
mander in chief of the allied troops cha- 
sed these from Roussiliou, entered the 
Peninsula, and persecuted the enemy to 
iierona. In 1795 the combined army pe- 
netrated agftin into Roussillon* 

Charles IV, fearing to see a democra- 
tical revolution to break out in Spain, in 



3ll ABRIDGEMENT Or THE HiSTORT OFPORTU* 

ibis year concluded in Bile a treaty with 
the republic, without at least mentioning 
his ally. The remainder of the portugue- 
se army retreated to, Portugal. 

Institution of the academy of sciences at 
Lisbon. — The institution of the royal 
academy of sciences at Lisbon was the 
satisfaction of a necessity, felt in the Por- 
tuguese literature. Time justified it, and 
the progress of its studies has demonstra- 
ted its utility. Aristotle had powerfully 
influenced every branch of learning. They 
began to read with pleasure the works 
of Bacon, Descartes, Leibnitz, Locke and 
other clever and learned philosophers ; 
hut thestreogth of habit and the influen- 
ce of many years disputed to them thd 
ground, step by step, and the war of the 
modern ideas against the ancient conti- 
nued. In this way the people felt a great 
want in the public instruction, when the 
reformation of the university in 1772 
caused the supremacy of the philosopher 
of Stagira to breathe its last, and quite 
changed the system of instruction, ground- 
ing it upon the ideas, that then pre* 



D. If Alt Y I. 



vailed in the most civilized pjrt of Eu- 
rope. 

But it was not sufficient ao ins ti tut roil 
proper for the study ul sciences; it was 
requisite to furnish the new literary ge- 
neration with national science , winch 
could develop the germ of instruction 
brought from the university. Such Win 
the thought of the academy. Its founda- 
tion ih owin$r to the unweofy zeal of the 
duke of La foes. After Unveiling all over 
Europe, he came back to Lisbon in 1779. 
Earnestly desiring the welfare of his coun- 
try, and being endow ed with a spirit cul- 
tivated by study and by the practise of the 
world, he proposed to the gentlemen of the 
highest education (he institution of a so- 
ciety, to devote itself to the progress or 
sciences and to the illustration of their 
country. 

/J. iffary I turns ahmafir. > — D. Mary, 
excessively devoted to religion, was not 
utterly blinded bv fana-icism, while her 
spiritual father was the archbishop of 
Thessalonica, a man of great talent and of 
acultivaied mind. Hut by the death of this 
prelate, the general inquisitor Joseph .Ma- 



311 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE HISTORY OF PORT US. 

ry de Meilo succeeded him in the place of 
the queen s confessor. The conscience of 
Mary , blinded by the suggestions of 
this priest, avoided the least spiritual 
reproachs , and > amidst many religious 
doubts, she utterly followed the will of her 
confessor, thinking that it was the only 
means to be brought to salvation. Thus, the 
queen led an ascelic life, instead ol giving 
herself over to the prosperity of her sub- 
jects. 

The queen dowager died in 1781, 
n. Peter III died in 1 786, and in 1788 
the prince D. Joseph was ravished of the 
hopes of the nation, that loved him ;■ and 
after this manner the sorrowful Mary re- 
mained alone, amidst a court of ambitious 
and fanatics.Thenceforvvard, they too much 
wore out her name to extinguish the least 
trace of the benefical influences of the 
late reign. The nation, this word also 
comprises all those, who lamented that 
Portugal partook again the abuses of past 
times, when the rest of Europe obeyed 
the providential law of progress, laid her 
complaints before the throne; but even 
here they were not heard. Fanaticism, 



D- MAHY I. 



3 1 j 



superstition and all the religious terrors, 
d-xterousiv managed by the inquisitor 
>iello, gained the ascendant over the 
queen, who I). Marv turned insane. 

In these necessitous circumstances, 
the prince D. John shook off the monachal 
dust cast upon him from his infancy, 
quitted the content of Mafra, directed 
himself to Lisbon, called together the 
most eminet physicians of the kingdom, 
and, the unfitness of the queen to reign 
being declared b; them, assumed there- 
gencv (t7ih!). But it was the name of 
the queen, that appeared in all public act* 
until the vear 1799, in which the name 
of the recent subsituted that of his mo- 
ther. 

D. Ch'irlof .loaqmna. — IX John had 
espoused in 1790 the daughter of the 
king of Spain Charles IV, Chariot Joaqui- 
na. This princess, endowed with a lively 
imagination, was enterprising, haughty 
and ambitious, and continually reproached 
the little activity of her husband. Their 
quarrels were not a secret to anv one, 
and did not terminate until the close of 
his life. The regent became melancholic.. 



C16abkidgement of the history or portug . 

and look up his residence in the convent 
o| Mafra. 

In 1805 a veiy numerous partr, 
the leader of which was. as is said, I). 
Uiarlot, profited bv the course of life led 
bv the regent, to make even one believe, 
that, attacked by the same desease a* 
hss mother, he was also unfit to govern. 
This party aimed at giving the reaencv 
u> 1). Chariot, who by this time 
enjoved a certain popularity. But these 
-chemes were divulged. The count of 
Yillaverde, the pri ^e-miuister, acquaint- 
ed the regent with the names of the pi ot- 
ters ; but the regent, bv politics, longanimi- 
ty or feebleness, was satisfied with banish- 
ing same of them to their countries, while 
the others were deprived of their employ- 
ments. 

Aq>t it'on of ike porlunuese cabinet. — 
In 1801 Napoleon assumed the title of 
emperor, and opened a new epoch in the 
political annals of Europe. In 1807 he 
concluded in Tilsit a peace with Russia 
»nd Prussia: and, every obstacle being 
removed, he never did avert his eyes from 
the Peninsula. The proposals, made to 



D. MARY t. 



317 



the court of Lisbon by that of Paris in con- 
cert with Madrid, were: to shut up the 
ports of Portugal against the commerce of 
Great Britain ; to detain all british sub- 
jects residing in Portugal j to confiscate 
all british property; to admit french 
troops in Portugal. The legation went 
out of Lisbon without effecting anv thine. 
However, the portuguese government, 
in order to avoid the storm, yielded after 
to the mandate of the french leader ; yet 
not until he had given sufficient warning 
to the british subjects residing in Por- 
tugal of the danger, to which thev wers 
exposed, for removing or disposing of the 
greater part of their property. 

Treaty of Fontaineblcau. — In 1807 
a treaty was concluded and signed atFon- 
tainebleau, in which it was agreed, that 
the province of Minho should be made 
over to the king of Etruria, with the title 
of king of the northern Lusitania : the 
provinces of Alemtejo andAlgarve should 
be given to the prince of Paz, to be bv 
him enjoyed under the title of thp prince 
of Algarve : the provinces of Traz os Mon- 
ies, Beira and Estrcmadura, were to re- 



31 S ABRiDGLMEn I Of THE HISTORY OF POK I UG 

mam undisposed of until there might bs 
a general peace. Napoleon, whilst his ge- 
nerals marched toward* the west, was 
directing himself to Italy with such great 
splendour, that it mijjht be thought, that 
he wfcnt to establish the destiny of the 
world, wishing to attract the general 
attention. 

Entrance of Junoi.in Portugal: The 
roitu! family depart* to tli u HrazUt. — - A 
freoch army entered the portuguese ter- 
ritory, and Junot, who came at their head, 
had already reached Abrantes, when the 
resent was acquainted with this invasion ; 
and about the same time he read in the 
Mimilenr dated the 11. *h of november 
f$8T, that the house of Bmganga had 
ceased to reign. The regent immediately 
ordered his council Id assemble, wherein 
if was definitively agreed, that the royal 
family should depart to the Brazils, and 
on the 27. 1 of november was deter- 
mined the departure. A regency, pre- 
srfled by the marquis of Abrantes, was 
appointed, and it was decreed that the 
French troops should be Well quartered, 

Neither on the 27, tk nor the follow- 



T). MAttY T. 



319 



ing day, cuild they set saii on account 
of the unfavourable weather, and mean- 
while the enemies redouhied their efforts 
to catch hold of them by surprise. But at 
the break of the 29. th the weather turn- 
ed favourable, the fleet set out; and it 
nine o'clock of the thirtieth Junot enter- 
ed the capital. 

Junot in Portugal. — Junot proceeded 
upon the spot to the first and most im- 
portant political operation, appointing 
Herman commissary for the french go- 
vernment to assist in the Portuguese 
council. Herman was present to every re- 
solution, and, when the discussion was 
not favourable towards France, he sta- 
ted, that this was contrary to the ideas 
of the general in chief, and that in his 
hands was the power of the force, I)e 
Laborde, Loison, Kellerman, Margairon 
and other generals, made horrible violen- 
ces in the provinces, where thev were. 

Junot endeavoured to assume by de- 
cree* the reins of power. The patriarch 
wrotp circular letter? to the priors, or- 
dering them to preach peace and concord 
to the french. The sly Junot, in order to 



S^Oabridgementof the bistort of for tug , 

extort these circular letters, paid him fre- 
quent visits. 

The first of February i 808 deserves -fa 
be particularly mentioned in the historr 
of Portugal. It was then, that the scene of 
the usurpation of the kingdom was com- 
pleted. Junot appointed portuguese coun- 
sellors, who were truly subordinated au- 
tomate to the will of the general, and 
had a share in the government, in order 
to allure the portuguese with the appear- 
ance of their partaking in the adminis- 
tration. 

Arrival of an engl ish army inlo Por- 
tugal. — The colours of liberty bein:^ at 
List unrolled in the Spanish territon , the 
porluguese followed the example; nndat 
I orto a provisional meeting of the supre- 
me government was appointed. The n«w$ 
of the hostile preparations of the portu- 
guese and Spaniard* reached England; 
and Sir Arthur Wellesley, after duke of 
Wellington, departed at the head of an 
army. At Leiria the english joined the 
portuguese forces. The portuguese stop- 
ped there, and Sir Arthur continued hi* 
march* 



h. MARY t. 



The French troops assembled at Torres 
Vedtas. The portuguese army went out 
of Leiria, and halted atObidos, The eng~ 
lish army encamped at Vimeiro, Junot 
offered battle to it ; but he was routed 
, ISoS). The named convention of Untrai 
was concluded, the French evacuated Por- 
tugal, and the poriuguese took breath in 
liberty. 

Second inwi sion in Portugal by the f rench* 
— Napoleon wanted to cover with the 
splendour of a rapid conquest the bad 
issue of .lunot's expedition. His views 
were extensive: to be understood and 
dexterously executed, was necessarv, not 
onlv as a warrior, but also politician, 
and for this marshal Soult was appoint- 
ed, who succeeded in possessing himself 
of Porto; but he was obliged to evacuate 
the kingdom with great lo*s. 

Last invasion by the french, — In the 
rear $809 marshal Alassena invaded Por- 
tugal, took possession of Almeida, and 
marched upon Lisbon ; but he found the 
anslo-lusitanian army occupying the chain 
of Bussaco, ready to hinder his passage, 
A moment he hesitated to combat in §o 

21 



322 ABRIU6EMEN i pf THE HISTORY OF PQRIMC*. 

advantageous a position for the enemy; 
but thinking fortune yet would he pro- 
pitious to him, attacked, Fortune for- 
sakes him. and this first misfortune of the 
hero of Zurich, was another trophy to 
the duke of Wellington. What prudence 
required before the battle, was left till 
after. The french army went round the 
mountain on the right side, and passed 
the defiles of Sardao, which Sir Arthur 
Wellesley had not occupied. This move- 
ment forced the english to retire in or- 
der to garrison the lines of -Torres Ye~ 
dras, which defended the capital. The 
french shortly appeared before the lines; 
.but less audacious afier the bat tie of 
Bussaco, they did not try to break into 
the trenches. Massena prefered to occupy 
peacefully the positions of Villa Franca, 
which afterwards famine and disease 
compelled to abandon. The french quil- 
ted the portuguese soil not to trample 
again upon it. 

The portuguese invade France. — The 
dm of revenue arrived, fn their turn the 
Portuguese had opportunity to oppress 
France with all the horrors they had 



D. MARY I* 



323 



suffered: nevertheless, generous at Bayon- 
ue and Toulouse, they did not make any 
reprise, which humanity condemned, but 
in some measure were justified by the 
calamities, of which they had been vic- 
tims for a long time (1814). 

Descendence of D. Mary L — She had 
by D. Pe'er III : 

D. Joseph who died at the age of twen- 
ty seven. 

D. John, who succeeded his mother, 
was born at Lisbon in 1767. 

D. Mary Anne Victoria married D. 
Gabriel, son of Philippe V of Spain. 



D. JOHN VI 



THE CLEMENT, 



1816 — 1826.. 



Revolution of 1820. — The tidings of the 
revolution arrives at the Brazils — Indepen- 
dence of the Brazils. — Anoiher revolution 
in the year of 1823. — The last events of 
the reign of D. John VI. — Descendenre o< 
D.John VI. 



^JLtewluiion of 1820. — Since 1808 Por- 
tugal had not ceased to suffer a not inter- 
rupted series of calamities. The lords 
Wellington and Beresford administrated 
Portugal according to their understanding. 
The britannic cabinet, sacrificing the in- 
terests of Portugal in the pacts, which ter- 
minated the war against France, treated 
Portugal as an ally, that they did not 
want, and determined to govern her 
as if she depended upon the crown of 
England. 

The revolution of Spain broke out, the 
constitution decreed by the cartes of Ca- 
diz in 1812 was proclaimed, and this unei- 




D. JOHN IV. 



325 



peeled even! excited in the hearts ofsornj 
patriotic portugu: j se the sentiments of 
the national dignity. The rights of the 
nation being proclaimed at Porto on 2 V 1 
of august 1820, and the foundations of the 
future constitution according to that of 
Spain being adopted, tins act caused a uni- 
versal jov. A meeting of the supreme 
government was provisional appoints! . 
AlJ the people flew to arms, and t lit* ca- 
pital proclaimed also a junta, who de- 
throned the regency and assumed the 
power, that was upon the spot acknow- 
ledged throughout ail tlu kingdom, h 
>vas decreed, that the constitution of Ca- 
dis should be the basis of that of Portugal. 

The tidiiH/s of (he involution arrive* at 
the Brazil*. — As soon as it -was known 
in the Hrazils what had happened in Por- 
tugal, enthusiasm was general. At Pari 
the magis. rales were deposed, and the 
basis of the future constitution of Portu- 
gal were proclaimed. At i ahia was in- 
stituted a provisional meeting of the go- 
\ eminent, who published a proclamation, 
Wrongly adhering to the principles of 
the f evolution of iVj fug.'d. 



326abiudgement of the history of poimm 

Before the news of these insurrections 
had arrived at the Brazils, there was 
already a great movement in the army and 
people, augmented by the irresolution of 
the kins, whose ministers did not dare 
to propose any thing. Finally an explo- 
sion put an end to his hesitations, and 
did not allow him to take the dangerous 
and fruitless decision of opposing the 
united wishes of nearly the whole nation. 
D. John came to Europe. When he took 
leave of the royal prince, he said to him: 
« I foresee [really, that the Brazils shortly 
will be separated from Portugal ; and in 
this case, if you can not preserve the 
crown for me, keep it for yourself to the 
end that the Brazils does not fall into 
the hands of adventurers. » 

Independence of the Brazil. — The cor- 
tes did not know how r to adopt with re- 
gard to the Brazils such a system, that, 
promoting the interests of this country, 
should fasten newly the snares which 
united it to Portugal, and adopted a se- 
ries of silly measures, that indisposed the 
spirits of the brazilians; and to com- 
plete their work/they published a decree 



\B 1821, according to which the prince 
ought to return to Portugal . This re- 
solution hastened t tie discord, and in- 
duced l>, Peter to abandon the interests 
of Portugal. In 1822 f). Peter took the 
title of emperor of the Brazils, and pu~ 
Wished his declaration of independence, 
t>v which he disclaimed all allegiance to 
the crown of Portugal. By a decree he 
admitted snuff and other foreign pro- 
ducts, depriving those of Portugal of 
the advantages in (he duties, that they had 
till then enjovL'd. At t lie same time he 
authorized the Brazilians aritl foreigners 
to fit out privateers against the portuguese 
commerce; and ordered all portuguese 
property to he sequestered. 

In 1823 J). John VI acknowledged 
the Brazils as an independent empire, and 
the royal prince D. Peter as emperor, 
giving away to him and his successors 
the sovereignty of the said empire. 

Anmhir reco id on. in h, • jr ar . f 18/3* 
— The Spanish constitution expired at 
the point of h hundred thousand fiendi 
bavonets : and the fortes of Portugal 
plainly foresaw, that the troops of the 



3 2 8 A B R I DGE$EK T Off THE H 1 9 T ( > R t OF P 0 R T ti G 

count of Amarante, wlifl had taken fcfiigft 
in Spain, would be a point of reuniting 
to the enemies of liberty, and resolved to 
raise an army of observation in the pro- 
vince of Beira. This measure produced 
effects contrary (o those that were expec- 
ted. This army revolted, proclaimed the 
absolutism, and maivhcd to Villa Iranea. 
Jiy night D. Michael left the palace, and 
departed to Villa Franca with thirty, 
horse. Afterwards I). John ajso- departed 
Jo Villa Franca, 1). Michael thtew himself 
at the feet of his father, who immedia- 
tely took him by the hand, congp&tulatin^ 
him not only for the valou? he hod 
displayed, but also for the service he had 
just performed to the crown, and &p- 
pjointed him to, be commander in chief of 
the army . 

D. John returned to Lisbon ; dissol- 
ved the cortes and decreed the abolition 
of the constitution. 

The ias' events of Oie reign of D. John 
17. — The absolute power succeeded the 
constitutional svstem. All the nets of the 
cartes were annnlled. IK John V], bv 
the entreaty oS the marquis of L.o*u!t% 



Ij. JOHN VI. 



329 



thought proper to promise a new pact 
of alliance; hut when he desired to treat 
of this object, the partisans of the abso- 
lute power did not consent to it. 

D. Michael aspired to the throne, and 
his mother expected to govern under his 
shade. They had obtained the moiety 
with the first attempt, and premeditated 
a second one. Reiving upon the subor- 
ning of the army and the dubious cha- 
racter of the nation, U. Michael thought 
there were no obstacles to surmount. On 
the night of the 23/ to the 2*^ of 
april IK24, the infant directed himself 
to the barracks, declared he had disco- 
vered a plot against the life of his father 
and called the soldiers to arms. Earlvon 
the following morning all the regiments 
of the capital were ordered by the gene- 
ralissimo t) march totheRoeio, the peo- 
ple ran with anxiousness through the 
streets, and on all sides it was whispered 
about a conspiracy being discovered by 
the infant. Proclamations were distribu- 
ted among the people and army. 

The infant thought, that on this dav 
he < n ould fulfil his desires, but with y r i^j 



230 ABfU DGEMSNj OF THE Ht STORY OF PGRTl/G 

he heard voices in favour of the king. 
The latter, to escape the vigilanev of the 
chiefs of the insurrection, went on board* 
Here he signed a decree enjoining D. 
Michael to resign the command of thear- 
twy. A few davs aftef the infant was 
summoned to travel throughout Euro- 
pe. The king came back to the palace. 

I). John VJ died in 1826. It was said 
to be of a violent death. The infanta D. 
Mizabeth Mary assumed the regent-ship 
in compliance with the late king 's will. 

i'ifisccndmce vf i). J Jin 1 7.— D. John 
had by !). Chariot: 

I). I'eter w.ts born on the 12 la of 
octob r 1798. He married in 1817 the 
archduchess of Austria, f>. Mary Leopold 
dina, who dec ,'ased at Kia de Janeiro in 
18-26. He contracted a second marriage 
with f). Amelia the princess of Bavaria, 
D. Peter died at Lisbon on the 2i lh o! 
September 183i. 

D. Michael was horn on the : } 6 th of 
oc'ober 1802- 

D. Elizabeth Man was regent from the 
month of mail 1 !' J8*J8 to that of februa- 
rv ]si9. 

THE Em 



OF PORTUGAL, 

BY 

johv felix riui inA 



PHfsIClAN AT THE MEDICAL COLLEGE IN LIS- 
BON, PROFESSOR OF GEOGRAPHY, CHRONO- 
LOGY AMD HISTORY AT THE NATIONAL LY- 
CEUM IN THfc SAME CITY, &C, &C. 



BLVISLD BY 

A. V, Meirelles 

FROFE5S0R OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



LISBON — isat 



urn 



0 



tTBLICATIOXS OF THE SAME AUTHOR, 



As expedites de Dario e Xerxes contra a 

Grecia, traduzidas do grejzo < 1 814 ) 240 

Historiade Portugal, 3 vol. (1846— 1848 ... 1080 
Compendio de historia de Portugal, para 
uso das aulas de instruegao secundaria, 
(!.• odigao 1848, 8> ed. 1853] , . 600 



Cholera-mcrbus: o artigo cholera da cyclo- 



pedia britannica traduzido do ingle/ (1848) 2 1 0 

Chirurgomicroscopiatromaehia (1849) , 120 

Compendio de chorographia portugueza, pa- 
ra uso das aulas de inslrucgao prima ria o 
secundaria, (t a ediyao 1850,, 2. a ed. 

1851. 3. a ed. 1852,1." ed. 1853) 240 

Resumo de historia portugueza para uso das 
aulas de instrucgao primaria . (l. a ed. 

1850, 2. a ed. 1851, 3. a ed. 1853) 300 

Resumo de Historia portugueza para uso das 
aulas de instrucgao primaria (1853). Este 

resumo tern 60 payinas SO 

Fcbre amarella : rj artigo febre a mar ell a da 
cyclopedia britannica traduzido do iagiez 

.'1851) : 

Anesthesia cirurgica. Theso defendida na 
eschola medico-cirurgica de Lisboa (1851) 240 

Compendio de chronologia (1851) ,. iSQ 

Terceiro relatorio annual sobre a efficacia 
therapeutica das cadeias galvano-electri- 
cas de Goldberg na sua applicagao contra 
as moles lias rheumaticas, gotfosas e ner- 
vosa* de todas as especies : trada/.ido dt> 
allemao (1*5*) ..... 1:0 



Budmientos do geometnd, dfcstioados prm- 
cipalroente aos alumnos. que frequentao 
as aulas de geographia, cbronologia e his- 

^ toria (1852) ■ id 240 

Comoendio de geographia (l. a edieao 1852. 
i* ed. 1853) - 600 

Compendia de historia sagrada, para u*o das 
aulas de instrueQao secundaria (1852) 360 

Compendio de historia sagrada. para u*o das 
aulas de inslrucyao primaria (1852) 200 

Q visionario, romance de Schiller, traduzi- 
do do allemao (1852) 400 

Rudimentos de arithmetics, aecommodados 
aosprogrammas, que regulao os exames 
d'esta disciplina eme eschola polytechni- 
cs e no Ivceo naciona! do Lisboar (1 . a etll- 
gao 185'3„2. a ed. 1853) 200 

Abregedel'hi^oire flti Partngal(1853) 600 

tabula* do Lessing. Iraduzidas do alleinAo. 
JFsta- tradtfccdo i fcompanhada do iexlo 

1853) \ ] 360 

Logica. ou analyse do pensamenlo ( 185-1) . 400 

Elementosde ^toVWrttfa (1854) 720 

Abridgement tot the history of Portugal 

1854) : 600 

Charogiapbi i dfd Brazil f 1854} 



IN THE PRESSjf. 

Pri metro If vro da historia deHerodoto; hi$\ 
toria dos gregos e dos persas ; Iraduzido 
do grego. 

r.ooipend io de historia de Franca por Chi- 
teaubriand, Iraduzido do francez. 




0 



[-'BRARY OF CONGRESS § 



0 020 584 181 7 




